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1、Preparedby:-MohammadAliAl-shehri…..Supervisedby:Dr.NephroticSyndrome..…(NS)IntroductionDefinitionofNSEtiologyofNSPathologyofNSPathophysiologyofNSClinicalManifestationofNSComplicationNSLaboratoryDataDiagnosisTreatmentNephroticsyndromeNephroticsyndrome(NS)resultsfromincreasedpermeab
2、ilityofGlomeulrarbasementmembrane(GBM)toplasmaprotein.Itisclinicalandlaboratorysyndromecharacterizedbymassiveproteinuria,whichleadtohypoproteinemia(hypo-albuminemia),hyperlipidemiaandpittingedema.(4-increase,1-decrease).NephroticCriteria:-*Massiveproteinuria:qualitativeproteinuria
3、:3+or4+,quantitativeproteinuria:morethan40mg/m2/hrinchildren(selective).*Hypo-proteinemia:totalplasmaproteins<5.5g/dlandserumalbumin:<2.5g/dl.*Hyperlipidemia:serumcholesterol:>5.7mmol/L*Edema:pittingedemaindifferentdegreeNephriticCriteria-Hematuria:RBCinurine(grosshematuria)-Hyper
4、tension:≥130/90mmHginschool-agechildren≥120/80mmHginpreschool-agechildren≥110/70mmHgininfantandtoddler’schildren-Azotemia（renalinsufficiency）:IncreasedlevelofserumBUN、Cr-Hypo-complementemia:Decreasedlevelofserumc3Classification:A-PrimaryIdiopathicNS(INS):majorityThecauseisstillunc
5、learuptonow.Recent10years,increasingevidencehassuggestedthatINSmayresultfromaprimarydisorderofT–cellfunction.Accountingfor90%ofNSinchild.mainlydiscussed.B-SecondaryNS:NSresultedfromsystemicdiseases,suchasanaphylactoidpurpura,systemiclupuserythematosus,HBVinfection.C-CongenitalNS:r
6、are*1st3montheoflife,onlytreatmentrenaltransplantationSecondaryNSDrug,Toxic,Allegy:mercury,snakevenom,vaccine,pellicillamine,Heroin,gold,NSAID,captopril,probenecid,volatilehydrocarbonsInfection:APSGN,HBV,HIV,shuntnephropathy,refluxnephropathy,leprosy,syphilis,Schistosomiasis,hydat
7、iddiseaseAutoimmuneorcollagen-vasculardiseases:SLE,Hashimoto’sthyroiditis,,HSP,VasculitisMetabolicdisease:DiabetesmellitusNeoplasma:Hodgkin’sdisease,carcinoma(renalcell,lung,neuroblastoma,breast,andetc)GeneticDisease:Alportsyn,Sicklecelldisease,Amyloidosis,CongenitalnephropathyOth
8、ers:Chronictransplantrejection,co
