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1、ChaptertwoTheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabularyContentsoftoday’slectureIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyHistoryofthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabularyGeneralcharacteristicsForeignelementsintheEnglishlanguageGrowthofcontemporaryEnglishvocabularyModesofthedevelopmentofmodernEnglishvocabulary2.1TheIndo-Europea
2、nlanguageFamily3000(somesay5000)languagesintheworld3000—300languagefamiliesTheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyismadeupofmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.Thelanguagesinthisfamilyfallinto10principalgroups,whichfallintoanEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,Armenian,andAlbanian;andaWesternset:C
3、eltic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic,Hittite,andTocharian.AlltheselanguagesareimportanttoEnglishtoagreaterorlesserextentsinceeachhaslentwordsintotheEnglishlanguage.2.2ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopment1.OldEnglish(450-1150)RomansinvadedtheBritishIslesandoccupiedtillabout410.AfterthewithdrawalofRoman
4、s,Anglos,SaxonsandJutescame.OldEnglish=Anglo-Saxon①OldEnglishhasavocabularyof50,000to60,000wordswithafewborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavianLatinwordswerebroughtinwithreligiousconquestinthe6thcentury:abbot,candle,altar,amen,apostleTheScandinavianwordsenteredtheEnglishlanguagewiththeNorthmeninvasion
5、byNorwegianandDanishVikingsinthe9thcentury.北方人北欧海盗ManyScandinavianwordsenteredtheEnglishlanguage:father,husband,house,life,man,mother,summer,winter②OldEnglishwasahighlyinflectedlanguage.Nouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbs,andadverbshadcomplexsystemsofendingsorvowelchangesorboth,whichdiffergreatlyfrom
6、thelanguageweusetoday.2.MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)TheNormanConquesthappenedin1066.①NormansbroughtlargenumbersofFrenchwords.ThoseinpowerspokeFrench;thenativetonguebecameadespisedlanguageBytheendof13thcentury,Englishbecamedominantagain.WyclifftranslationoftheBibleandwritingsofChaucer,LanglandinEnglis
7、h1250-1500:about9000Frenchwordsentered:75%arebeingusednowState,power,prince,duke,judge,court,crime,angel,mercy,peace,battle,pork,bacon,fry,roast,dress,coatEndingsofnounsandadjectivesmarkingdistinctionofnumberandcaseand
