新编计算机基础教程

《新编计算机基础教程》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

1、新编计算机基础教程目录第1章计算机基础知识···················································11.1计算机的发展与应用·········································································11.1.1计算机的发展···········································································11.1.2计算机的特点和应用······································

2、·························31.2数制与编码·······················································································61.2.1数制····························································································61.2.2数制之间的转换································································

3、·······61.2.3计算机的数据单位····································································71.2.4二进制的算术运算··································································81.2.5字符编码··················································································91．3计算机系统····························

4、·························································101.3.1计算机的系统组成································································101.3.2计算机工作原理·····································································111.3.3中央处理器···································································

5、·········121.3.4存储器····················································································131.3.5基本输入/输出设备······························································131.3.6总线、主板与接口·······························································14第1章计算机基础知识本章导读有些知识点仅需了解即可，有些知识点是作为资料备

6、查的，有些知识点（如标题右上角带有符号“*”的内容）则是必须熟练掌握的，所以在学习的过程中一定要抓住重点，千万不要机械地记忆“第四代计算机的特点”之类随时可查阅的命题。计算机新技术、计算机数制与编码以及计算机系统等内容是本章的学习重点。1.1计算机的发展与应用1.1.1计算机的发展早在公元前5世纪中国人就发明了算盘，并广泛应用于商业贸易中，因此算盘被认为是最早的计算机，并一直使用至今。算盘在某些方面的运算能力要超过目前的计算机，算盘体现了中国人民的智慧。直到17世纪，计算设备才有第二次重要的进步。1642年法国人帕斯卡发明了自动进位加法器；1694年德国数学家戈特弗里德改进帕斯卡的加法器，

7、使之可以计算乘法；后来法国人哥伦比亚发明了可以进行四则运算的计算器。现代计算机的真正起源来自英国数学教授查尔斯·巴贝奇。查尔斯·巴贝奇发现通常的计算设备中有许多错误，在剑桥学习时他认为可以利用蒸汽机进行计算。起先他设计差分机用于计算导航表，后来他发现差分机只是专门用途的机器，于是放弃了原来的研究，开始设计包含现代计算机基本组成部分的分析机。巴贝奇的蒸汽动力计算机虽然最终没有完成，以今天的标准看也是非常原始的，然而它勾画出