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1、CivilRightsMovementMartinLutherKing,Jr.(centre),withothercivil-rightssupportersatamarchonWashington,D.C.,inAugust1963IntheUnitedStates,massmovementstartinginthelate1950sthat,throughtheapplicationofnonviolentprotestaction,brokethepatternofraciallysegregatedpublicfacilitiesintheSouthandachiev
2、edthemostimportantbreakthroughinequal-rightslegislationforblackssincetheReconstructionperiod(1865-77).Deniedconstitutionalguarantees(1787)becauseoftheirmainlyslavestatusatthefoundingoftherepublic,blackAmericanswerefirstpromisedfundamentalcitizenshiprightsinthe13th-15thconstitutionalamendmen
3、ts.TheCivilRightsActof1875requiredequalaccommodationsforblackswithwhitesinpublicfacilities(otherthanschools),butthislegislationwaseffectivelyvoidedbytheSupremeCourtin1883.By1900,18statesoftheNorthandWesthadlegislatedpublicpoliciesagainstracialdiscrimination,butintheSouthnewlawserodedthefran
4、chiseandreinforcedsegregationpractices,whiletheU.S.SupremeCourtupheld"separatebutequal"facilitiesfortheracesinPlessyv.Ferguson(1896),thuslegitimizingthesegregationofblacksfromwhites.DuringWorldWarII,progresswasmadeinoutlawingdiscriminationindefenseindustries(1941)andafterthewarindesegregati
5、ngthearmedforces(1948).Duringthelate1940sandearly1950s,lawyersfortheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP)pressedaseriesofimportantcasesbeforetheSupremeCourtinwhichtheyarguedthatsegregationmeantinherentlyunequal(andinadequate)educationalandotherpublicfacilitiesforblacks.
6、ThesecasesculminatedintheCourt'slandmarkdecisioninBrownv.BoardofEducationofTopeka,Kan.(May17,1954),inwhichitdeclaredthatseparateeducationalfacilitieswereinherentlyunequalandthereforeunconstitutional.Thishistoricdecisionwastostimulateamassmovementonthepartofblacksandwhitesympathizerstotrytoe
7、ndthesegregationistpracticesandracialinequalitiesthatwerefirmlyentrenchedacrossthenationandparticularlyintheSouth.ThemovementwasstronglyresistedbymanywhitesintheSouthandelsewhere.Afterablackwoman,RosaParks,wasarrestedforrefusingtomovetotheNegrosectionofa
