资源描述：
《石油资源勘查专业英语》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在应用文档-天天文库。
1、Unit1BasicGeologyLesson1GeologyEarthscience(alsoknownasgeoscience,thegeosciencesortheEarthsciences),isanall-embracingtermforthesciencesrelatedtotheplanetEarth.Itisarguablyaspecialcaseinplanetaryscience,theEarthbeingtheonlyknownlife-bearingplanet.Therearebothreducti
2、onistandholisticapproachestoEarthsciences.TheformaldisciplineofEarthSciencesmayincludethestudyoftheatmosphere,oceansandbiosphere,aswellasthesolidearth.Geologyisgenerallycategorizedwithinthegeosciences.Geology(fromtheGreek，geo,"earth"and,logos,"speech")isanaturalsci
3、ence,whichstudiesthegeologyscienceoftheearth'shistory,composition,andstructure,andtheassociatedprocesses.Itdrawsuponchemistry,biology,physics,astronomy,andmathematics(notablystatistics)forsupportofitsformulations.Geologyisaverycomplexscience.TherearemanybranchesofG
4、eology,whichcanbegroupedunderthemajorheadingsofphysicalandhistoricalgeology.PhysicalGeologyPhysicalgeologyincludesmineralogy,thestudyofthechemicalcompositionandstructureofminerals;petrology,thestudyofthecompositionandoriginofrock;geomorphology,thestudyoftheoriginof
5、landformsandtheirsmodificationbydynamicprocesses;geochemistry,thestudyofthechemicalcompositionoftheearthmaterialsandthechemicalchangesthatoccurwithintheearthandonitssurface;geophysics,thestudyofthebehaviorofrockmaterialsandinresponsetostressesandaccordingtotheprinc
6、iplesofphysics;sedimentology,thescienceoftheerosionanddepositionofrockparticlesbywind,water,orice;structuralgeology,thestudyoftheforcesthatdeformtheearth’srocksandthedescriptionandmappingofdeformedrockbodies;economicgeology,thestudyoftheexplorationandrecoveryofnatu
7、ralresources,suchasoresandpetroleum;andengineeringgeology,thestudyoftheinteractionoftheearth’scrustwithhuman-madestructuressuchastunnel,mines,dams,bridges,andbuildingfoundations.HistoricalgeologyHistoricalgeologydealswiththehistoricaldevelopmentoftheearthfromthestu
8、dyofitsrocks.Theyareanalyzedtodeterminetheirstructure,composition,andinterrelationshipsandareexaminedforremainsofpastlife.Historicalgeologyinclud
