刑辩律师的职业责任

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1、PROFESSIONALRESPONSIBILITYOFTHECRIMINALDEFENSELAWYER:THETHREEHARDESTQUESTIONSMonroeH.Freedman^64MichiganLawReview1469(1966)Inalmostanyareaoflegalcounselingandadvocacy,thelawyermaybefacedwiththedilemmaofeitherbetrayingtheconfidentialcommunicationsofhisclientorparticipatingtosomeextentinthepur

2、posefuldeceptionofthecourt.Thisproblemisnowheremoreacutethaninthepracticeofcriminallaw,particularlyintherepresentationoftheindigentaccused.Thepurposeofthisarticleistoanalyzeandattempttoresolvethreeofthemostdifficultissuesinthisgeneralarea:1・Isitpropertocross-examineforthepurposeofdiscreditin

3、gthereliabilityorcredibilityofanadversewitnesswhomyouknowtobetellingthetruth?2・Isitpropertoputawitnessonthestandwhenyouknowhewillcommitperjury?3・Isitpropertogiveyourdientlegaladvicewhenyouhavereasontobelievethattheknowledgeyougivehimwilltempthimtocommitperjury?Thesequestionspresentseriousdif

4、ficultieswithrespecttoalawyer'sethicalresponsibilities.Moreover,ifoneadmitsthepossibilityofanaffirmativeanswer,itisdifficulteventodiscussthemwithoutappearingtosometobeunethical•偽Itisnotsurprising,therefore,thatreasonable,rationaldiscussionoftheseissueshasbeenuncommonandthattheproblemshavefor

5、solongremainedunresolved.InthisregarditshouldberecognizedthattheCanonsofEthics,whichwerepromulgatedin1908"asageneralguide,“型arebothinadequateandself-contradictory.I.TheAdversarySystemandtheNecessityforConfidentialityAttheoutset,weshoulddisposeofsomecommonquestion-beggingresponses・Theattorney

6、isindeedanofficerofthecourt,andhedoesparticipateinasearchforthetruth.Thesetwopropositions,however,merelyservetostatetheproblemindifferentwords:Asanofficerofthecourt,participatinginasearchfortruth,whatistheattorne/sspecialresponsibility,andhowdoesthatresponsibilityaffecthisresolutionoftheques

7、tionsposedabove?Theattorneyfunctionsinanadversarysystembaseduponthepresuppositionthatthemosteffectivemeansofdeterminingtruthistopresenttoajudgeandjuryaclashbetweenproponentsofconflictingviews.Itisessentialtotheeffectivefunctioningofthissystemthatea