acid – base theory：酸–基础理论

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1、ACID–BASETHEORYArrheniusTheory-SvanteArrhenius(_______________chemist:1859–1927)-Understoodthataqueoussolutionsofacidsandbasesconduct_______________·Therefore,theymustproduce_______________insolution-ArrheniusAcid–compoundthatincreasesthe__________or__________ionconcentration·Acidwil

2、l_______________insolution,increasing#of__________or__________ionspresent·Ex:HNO3(aq)+H2O(l)→§Therefore_______________istheArrheniusAcid-ArrheniusBase–compoundthatincreases_______________ionconcentration·Basewillionizeinsolution,increasing#of__________ionspresent·Ex:NaOH(s)→§Therefor

3、e_______________istheArrheniusBase·Baseswillalsoreactwith__________toremovea__________ion,leaving__________ionsinthesolution·Ex:NH3(aq)+H2O(l)-Acid–BaseStrength·Themore_______________thesubstance,the_______________theacidorbase§Ex:HCl(aq)+H2O(l)à·Thereforehydrochloricacidisa_________

4、______acid§Ex:HSO4–(aq)+H2O(l)·Thereforethebisulfateionisa_______________acidBrønsted-LowryTheory-1923–The_______________chemistJ.N.Brønstedandthe_______________chemistT.M.LowryindependentlyexpandedtheArrheniusdefinition.-Brønsted-LowryAcid–amoleculeorionthatisa_______________donor.·

5、__________isessentiallya_______________,soallArrheniusacidsfitintothedescription.·Ex:HNO3(aq)+H2O(l)→§Therefore_______________istheBrønsted-LowryAcid·Ex:HCl+NH3→§Therefore_______________istheBrønsted-LowryAcid-Brønsted-LowryBase–amoleculeorionthatisaproton_______________.·Ex:HCl+NH3→

6、§Therefore_______________istheBrønsted-LowryBase-ConjugateAcidsandBases·ThespeciesthatremainsafteraBrønsted-Lowryacidhasgivenupaprotonistheconjugatebase.§Ex:HNO3(aq)+H2O(l)→·Therefore_______________istheConjugateBase·ThespeciesthatisformedwhenaBrønsted-Lowrybasegainsaprotonistheconju

7、gateacid.§Ex:HNO3(aq)+H2O(l)→·Therefore_______________istheConjugateAcid-Anacidwithoneprotoniscalleda_______________acid·Ex:-Anacidwithmorethanoneprotoniscalleda_______________acid·Ex:-Polyproticacidswilllosetheirprotonsinsequence·Ex:Phosphoricacid–_____protonsmeans_____steps!1.H3PO4

8、(aq)+H2O(l)2