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1、ToDyeFor:MicroscaleVatDyeingwithIndigoIntroduction:Thepreparationofdyesandtheprocessofdyeingfabricaretwooftheoldestchemicalprocessesdevelopedbyhumans.TheuseofdyesisanancientartthatwasfirstpracticedinEgypt,Persia,China,andIndiamorethan5500yearsago.Indigowas
2、originallyextractedfromtheIndigofereSumatranaplantfoundprimarilyinIndiaandlaterfromtheIsatisTinctoriaplantinEurope.Duetothedemandofthissupplyofbluedye,atraderoutebetweenIndiaandEuropewasestablished.Thefirstsyntheticdyewasgeneratedin1856,whenWilliamHenryPer
3、kin,astudentattheRoyalCollegeofChemistry(England)accidentallydiscoveredasyntheticmauvedye.Thisinturn,ledtothefirstcommercialdevelopmentofanorganiccompound.Inthe1880’s,AdolphvonBaeyerundertookthestudyofindigoanddetermineditsmolecularstructureandsyntheticrou
4、tes.Forthiswork,vonBaeyerreceivedtheNobelPrizeinchemistryin1905.Itwascommerciallyavailableuntilafter1900duetotheproblemsfacedwhentryingtomassproducetheinvention.However,byWWI,almostalltheworld’smanufactureddyeswereproducedinGermanyandsyntheticdyeshadalmost
5、entirelyreplacedtheextractionofdyesfromnaturalsources.DyeingwithIndigo:Tofullyunderstandtheprocessofindigodyeing,wemustfirstlookatthechemistrybehindit.Indigodye(indigotin)isderivedfromindican,whichisawater-soluble,colorlesssubstancepresentinindigo-bearingp
6、lants.Whenindigo-bearingplantsarecrushedandplacedinwatertheindicanisreleasedintothesolutionthroughbacterialaction.Whenairisbeatenintothesolution,theindicancombineswithoxygentoproduceindigotinor“indigoblue.”Indigoblueisinsolubleandsettlesoutofthesolutiontop
7、roducetheblueindigodyestuff.Indigoisinsolubleinwaterbutiseasilyreducedbysodiumdithionite(sodiumhydrosulfite,Na2S2O4)inastrongalkalinesolutiontoproduceawater-solubleleucoindigo.Thisleucobaseisstronglyattractedtocellulosebecausetheyhavelargeporesintowhichthe
8、dyemoleculeseasilyfit.Uponexposuretotheoxygenintheair,thedyemoleculerapidlyoxidizestoitsinsolubleform,butbythenithasalreadybeentrappedinsidethecellulosefiber;duetoitsimmensesize,itcannotberemovedatalleasily.W
