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1、LABEXERCISE:FermentationLaboratoryObjectivesAftercompletingthislabtopic,youshouldbeableto:1.Describealcoholicfermentation,namingreactantsandproducts.2.Proposehypothesesandmakepredictionsbasedonthem.3.Designandexecuteanexperimenttestingfactorsthatinfluencefe
2、rmentation.4.Practicescientificcommunicationbyanalyzingandinterpretingexperimentalresults.IntroductionThislabtopicinvestigatesfermentation,acellularprocessthattransferstheenergyinglucosebondstobondsinadenosinetriphosphate(ATP).TheenergyinATPcanthenbeusedtop
3、erformcellularwork.Fermentationisananaerobic(withoutoxygen)process;cellularrespirationisaerobic(utilizingoxygen).Alllivingorganisms,includingbacteria,protists,plants,andanimals,produceATPinfermentationorcellularrespirationandthenuseATPintheirmetabolism.Ferm
4、entationandcellularrespirationinvolveoxidation-reductionreactions(redoxreactions).Redoxreactionsarealwaysdefinedintermsofelectrontransfers,oxidationbeingthelossofelectronsandreductionthegainofelectrons.Incellularrespiration,twohydrogenatomsareremovedfromglu
5、cose(oxidation)andtransferredtoacoenzymecallednicotinamideadeninedinucleotide(NAD+),reducingthiscompoundtoNADH.Thinkofthesetwohydrogenatomsas2electronsand2protons.NAD+istheoxidizingagentthatisreducedtoNADHbytheadditionof2electronsandoneproton.Theotherproton
6、(H+)isreleasedintothecellsolution.NADHtransferselectronstotheelectrontransportchain.Thetransferofelectronsfromonemoleculetoanotherreleasesenergy,andthisenergycanbeusedtosynthesizeATP.Cellularrespirationisasequenceofthreemetabolicstages:glycolysisinthecytopl
7、asmandtheKrebscycleandtheelectrontransportchaininmitochondria(Figure1).FermentationinvolvesglycolysisbutdoesnotinvolvetheKrebscycleandtheelectrontransportchain,whichareinhibitedatlowoxygenlevels.Twocommontypesoffermentationarealcoholicfermentationandlactica
8、cidfermentation.Animals,certainfungi,andsomebacteriaconvertpyruvateproducedinglycolysistolactate.Plantsandsomefungi,yeastinparticular,convertpyruvatetoethanolandcarbondioxide.Cellularrespirationismuchm
