Encyclopedia of World History VOLUME II

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1、ENCYCLOPEDIAOFWORLDHISTORYTheExpandingWorld600c.e.to1450VOLUMEIIeditedbyMarshaE.AckermannMichaelJ.SchroederJaniceJ.TerryJiu-HwaLoUpshurMarkF.WhittersEncyclopediaofWorldHistoryCopyright©2008byMarshaE.Ackermann,MichaelJ.Schroeder,JaniceJ.Terry,Jiu-HwaLoUpshur,andMarkF.WhittersMapscopyright©2008byInfob

2、asePublishingAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystems,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Forinformationcontact:FactsOnFile,Inc.AnimprintofInfobasePublish

3、ing132West31stStreetNewYorkNY10001LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataEncyclopediaofworldhistory/editedbyMarshaE.Ackermann...[etal.].p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-8160-6386-4(hc:alk.paper)1.Worldhistory—Encyclopedias.I.Ackermann,MarshaE.D21.E57752007903–dc2220070

4、05158FactsOnFilebooksareavailableatspecialdiscountswhenpurchasedinbulkquantitiesforbusinesses,associations,institutions,orsalespromotions.PleasecallourSpecialSalesDepartmentinNewYorkat(212)967-8800or(800)322-8755.YoucanfindFactsOnFileontheWorldWideWebathttp://www.factsonfile.comMapsbyDaleE.Williamsa

5、ndJeremyEagleGolsonBooks,Ltd.PresidentandEditorJ.GeoffreyGolsonDesignDirectorMaryJoScibettaAuthorManagerSueMoskowitzLayoutEditorKennethW.HellerIndexerJSEditorialPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaVBGB10987654321Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.ENCYCLOPEDIAOFWORLDHISTORYVolumeIICONTENTSAbouttheEditors

6、viForewordviiHistoricalAtlasviiiListofArticlesixListofContributorsxiiiChronologyxviiMajorThemesxxixArticlesAtoZ1–446ResourceGuide447–450Index451–469AbouttheEditorsMarshaE.AckermannreceivedaPh.D.inAmericanculturefromtheUniversityofMichigan.Sheistheauthoroftheaward-winningbookCoolComfort:America’sRoma

7、ncewithAir-ConditioningandhastaughtU.S.historyandrelatedtopicsattheUniversityofMichigan,MichiganStateUniversity,andEasternMichiganUniversity.MichaelJ.SchroederreceivedaPh.D.inhistoryfromtheUniversityo