NIH 预算[文献翻译]

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1、外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文：TheNIHbudgetIntroductionFederalfundingforbiomedicalresearchintheUnitedStateshasfueleddiscoveriesthathaveadvancedourunderstandingofhumandisease,ledtonovelandeffectivediagnostictoolsandtherapies,andmadeourresearchenterpriseaninternationalparagon.Althoughitwasnottheorigi

2、nalintent,thisinvestment,throughtheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH),hasalsobecomeanessentialsourceofsupportforacademicmedicalcenters,providingfundsforfacultyandstaffsalaries,operationalexpenses,andevencapitalimprovementsrelatedtoresearchthatcannolongerbesupportedbyclinicalincome.Untila

3、pproximately20yearsago,clinicalincomeoftensubsidizedresearch,butmanagedcare,increasedscrutinyandefficiencyinthemanagementofclinicalexpenses,andreductionsinfederalsupportforteachinghospitalshaverenderedclinicalmarginsinsufficienttosupporttheresearchmission.Althoughsomemayseeinstitution

4、buildingasaninappropriateuseofNIHfunds,aconsistent,productivebiomedicalresearchenterpriserequiresasolidinfrastructure.Ensuringdurablefederalsupportforsuchresearchhasnot,however,beenwithouttribulations.Aswithalllineitemsinthefederalbudget,NIHfundingissubjecttothevicissitudesofthepoliti

5、calprocess,andintermittentperiodsofgrowthhavebeenfollowedbyperiodsofdecline.Somearguethatfundingcyclesrefreshtheresearchenterprise,eliminatingthroughcompetitioninvestigatorswhoseworkisnotofthehighestquality.Thoughnotassanguineabouttheirpurposesorconsequences,theacademicmedicalcommunit

6、yhasacceptedthesecyclesandworkstofindwaystodampentheeffectsofdownturnsonresearchprogramsandinstitutionalstability.RedefinedtheconceptofacomprehensivebudgetmanagementBudgetoriginatedin18thcenturyEngland,firstimplementedingovernmentdepartments,thepurposeismainlyusedtocontroltheking'srig

7、httotax,therebylimitinggovernmentspending.ThenintheU.S.,thebudgethasbeenfurtherdeveloped.Americansmalltownsbythepublicbudgetfortheimplementationofthenationalbudgetsystem,theestablishmentoftheUnitedStatesplayedanimportantrole.Inspiredbythegovernmentbudget.budgetmanagementconceptwhichwa

8、ssubs