Vaclav Smil - Energies_ An Illustrated Guide to the Biosphere and Civilization (1998, The MIT Press)

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1、ENERGIESAlsobyVaclavSmilChina’sEnergyEnergyintheDevelopingWorldEnergyAnalysisinAgricultureBiomassEnergiesTheBadEarthCarbonNitrogenSulfurEnergyFoodEnvironmentEnergyinChina’sModernizationGeneralEnergeticsChina’sEnvironmentalCrisisGlobalEcologyEnergyinWorldHistoryCyclesofLifeV

2、ACLAVSMILENERGIESAnIllustratedGuidetotheBiosphereandCivilizationTheMITPressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,EnglandFirstMITPresspaperbackedition,20001999MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmayberepro-ducedinanyformorbyanyelectronicormechanicalm

3、eans(includingphotocopyingrecording,orinforma-tionstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.ThisbookwassetinGalliardbyGraphicComposition,Inc.andprintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataSmil,Vaclav.Energies:

4、anillustratedguidetothebiosphereandcivilization/VaclavSmil.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-262-19410-5(hc.:alk.paper)—978-0-262-69235-9(pb.:alk.paper)1.Powerresources—Socialaspects.I.Title.TJ163.2.S6181998531.6—dc2198-13408CIP121110987654ToPhilipan

5、dPhylisMorrisonCONTENTSAcknowledgmentsviiiPhytoplankton46Energy’sUniqueAllure:AnUnorthodoxLookxForests49AnOverviewofConceptsandUnitsxiiGrasslands52HeterotrophicMetabolism541SunandEarth1Reproduction57Sun1Growth59SolarRadiation4EctothermsandEndotherms61Atmosphere7FoodChains63

6、PlanetEarth9Herbivores65Winds12Carnivores68Rains14Swimming70Oceans17RunningandJumping72Rivers19Flying75Earth’sHeat21Geotectonics233PeopleandFood79Earthquakes27BasalMetabolism79Volcanoes29Thermoregulation81Denudation31PregnancyandLactation83SpaceEncounters33HumanGrowth85Walk

7、ingandRunning872PlantsandAnimals37LaborandLeisure90AdenosineTriphosphate37Nutrients92ArchaeaandBacteria39Grains94Photosynthesis42Bread97CandCPlants44LipidsandMeat9934viiMilk101Transmission154Ethanol102ElectricMotors156Lights1584PreindustrialSocieties105InternalCombustionEng

8、ines160HuntersandGatherers106GasTurbines162ShiftingCultivation108BlastFurnaces164T