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1、FromthebookNetworks,Crowds,andMarkets:ReasoningaboutaHighlyConnectedWorld.ByDavidEasleyandJonKleinberg.CambridgeUniversityPress,2010.Completepreprinton-lineathttp://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/Chapter7EvolutionaryGameTheoryInChapter6,wedevelopedthebasicideasof
2、gametheory,inwhichindividualplayersmakedecisions,andthepayofftoeachplayerdependsonthedecisionsmadebyall.Aswesawthere,akeyquestioningametheoryistoreasonaboutthebehaviorweshouldexpecttoseewhenplayerstakepartinagivengame.ThediscussioninChapter6wasbasedonconsideringhowplayerssimultan
3、eouslyreasonaboutwhattheotherplayersmaydo.Inthischapter,ontheotherhand,weexplorethenotionofevolutionarygametheory,whichshowsthatthebasicideasofgametheorycanbeappliedeventosituationsinwhichnoindividualisovertlyreasoning,orevenmakingexplicitdecisions.Rather,game-theoreticanalysisw
4、illbeappliedtosettingsinwhichindividualscanexhibitdifferentformsofbehavior(includingthosethatmaynotbetheresultofconsciouschoices),andwewillconsiderwhichformsofbehaviorhavetheabilitytopersistinthepopulation,andwhichformsofbehaviorhaveatendencytobedrivenoutbyothers.Asitsnamesuggest
5、s,thisapproachhasbeenappliedmostwidelyintheareaofevolu-tionarybiology,thedomaininwhichtheideawasfirstarticulatedbyJohnMaynardSmithandG.R.Price[375,376].Evolutionarybiologyisbasedontheideathatanorganism’sgeneslargelydetermineitsobservablecharacteristics,andhenceitsfitnessinagivenen
6、vi-ronment.Organismsthataremorefitwilltendtoproducemoreoffspring,causinggenesthatprovidegreaterfitnesstoincreasetheirrepresentationinthepopulation.Inthisway,fittergenestendtowinovertime,becausetheyprovidehigherratesofreproduction.Thekeyinsightofevolutionarygametheoryisthatmanybehavi
7、orsinvolvetheinteractionofmultipleorganismsinapopulation,andthesuccessofanyoneoftheseorganismsdependsonhowitsbehaviorinteractswiththatofothers.Sothefitnessofanindividualorganismcan’tbemeasuredinisolation;ratherithastobeevaluatedinthecontextofthefullpopulationinwhichitlives.Thisop
8、ensthedoortoanaturalgame-theoreticanalogy:Draft
