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1、-5-TheArtofWritingAbstracts,Proposals,andLettersAvitalpieceinhavinganarticleacceptedforpublicationinaninternationaljournal,ofbeingacceptedasaspeakerataninternationalconference,orofwritingasuccessfulgrantisyourabilitytowritegoodabstracts,clearproposals,andappropriateletters.Noneo
2、fthesearedifficultbuttheyallrequirespecialskills.ABSTRACTSEveryjournalandeveryconferencewillexpectyourresearchpaperorproposaltobeaccompaniedbyanabstract.Theabstractwillbereadfirst,anditsquickclaritywillstrongly63TheArtofWritingAbstracts,Proposals,andLettersinfluencewhetherornoty
3、ourworkisfurtherconsideredforpublicationorforpresentation.Theabstractisdesignedtotellascientificstorythatiseasilyunderstoodandcan,inturn,bequicklyconveyedtoothers.Anabstractisanextractoftheessenceofyourwork.Abstractsarenotsummaries;theyaremoreconciseandclearerthansummaries.Summa
4、riesareoftenorganizedchronologically;abstractsarenot.Abstractsarebuiltaroundimportance.Theygivewhatwasdiscovered,howitwasdone,howitfitswithotherresearch,andwhatitsuggestsforfutureresearch.Theyareanexerciseinprecise,accu-ratelanguage.Thedifficultyinwritinganabstractisthattheabstr
5、actmustbeshort-indeedveryshort.Mostjournals'instructionstellauthorstosendinabstractsofasfewas100wordsorless.Conferenceabstractssometimesrequireasfewas50words.WritingagoodabstractrequiresextremedisciplineevenfromthosewhonormallyaresuperbwritersofEnglish.Writinganabstractrequiresu
6、nusualcognitiveandlinguisticdiscipline.Excesswordsmustbecarefullyeliminateduntiltheonesthatremainringtruetofellowscientists'brainsandtoEnglish-speakingears.Theclarityofthewordswilldeter-mine:First,whetherotherswillreadyourwork,and,secondandperhapsevenmoreimportant,ifreaderswilla
7、ccuratelyreportitsinformationtoothers.Onewell-publishedchemistattheUniversityofWisconsinproudlystatesthathecanwriteashorterabstractthanany-oneelse.Ifso,heisappreciatedbyalljournaleditors,readers,64Chapter5andorganizersofconferences.Thefivemaximsforwritingabstractsare: 9Staywithi
8、norundertherequirednumberofwords. 9Editcarefull
