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1、1ExperimentalkSocialPsychologyP.ZANNAVOLUME36ACADEMICPRESSAMSTERDAMBOSTONHEIDELBERGLONDONNEWYORKOXFORDPARISSANDIEGOSANFRANCISCO.*SINGAPORESYDNEYTOKYOTHEIMPLICITVOLITIONMODEL:ONTHEPRECONSCIOUSREGULATIONOFTEMPORARILYADOPTEDGOALSGordonB.MoskowitzPeizhongLiElizabethR.KirkI.Int
2、roductionConsideracommonexperienceofmentallife:Whenattemptingtoretrieveapieceofinformationfrommemory(e.g.,whenaskingyourself"whatisthenameoftheMichaelOndaatjebookthatprecededTheEnglishPatient?"),yousometimesexperiencea"tipofthetongueeffect"(Brown&McNeill,1966).Thedesiredin
3、formationfeelsasifitisknowledgeyoupossessandisabouttobecomeknowntoyou.Despitethefeelingoffluencyandfdarity(Jacoby,Kelley,&Dywan,1989;Whittlesea,1993)thatcreatesthesensationthattheinformationisabouttoleapoutofyourmouth,youcannotproducetheresponse.Afterstrugglingforsometimet
4、oaccesstheinformation,youeventuallydisengagefromthetask.However,asifbymagic,thedesiredinformationwilloftencomerushingintoconsciousnessatsomelatertime,inanunrelatedcontext,whenyouarenotattemptingtoretrieveit(e.g.,youunexpectedlysaytoyourself"itwasIntheskinofalion!").Thephen
5、omenologyisofsomeexternalagentdeliveringtheinformationtoyou.Therealityisoneofyouconsciouslydisengagingfromagoal,yetpursuingthegoalwithoutintentiontoorawarenessthatthegoalisactiveandbeingregulated.Preconsciouscognitiveprocessesseemtobeimplementinggoalpursuitdespitetheconsci
6、ouswillhavingbeenexplicitlywithdrawnfromgoalpursuit.Itisacaseofimplicitvolition.Zeigarnik(1927)providedoneoftheearliestsocial-psycholo&illustra-tionsofhowanunmetgoalcandirectcognitiveactivityoutsideofconsciousawarenessandintent.ResearchparticipantswereaskedtoworkonaseriesA
7、DVANCESINEXPERIMENT'ALcopyright2004,ElrevierInc.SOCIALPSYCHOLOGY,VOL.36Allwtaresaved.0065-2601/04$35.00THEIMPLICITVOLITIONMODELofpuzzleslproblemsetsuntileachsetoftaskswascompleted.However,responding.AsWegnerandBargh(1998,p.453)stated:"mostpeoplethinksomeoftheseactivitieswe
8、renotcompletedbutinterruptedandremovedofcontrolinhumansasconsciouscontrol,somuchsothatthe
