01-Crystalline Properties of Solids.pdf

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1、Chapter1-CrystallinePropertiesofSolids1.1.Introduction1.2.Crystallatticesandthesevencrystalsystems1.3.Theunitcellconcept1.4.TheWigner-Seitzcell1.5.Bravaislattices1.6.Pointgroups1.7.Spacegroups1.8.Directionsandplanesincrystals:Millerindices1.9.Realcrysta

2、lstructures1.9.1.Sodiumchloridestructure1.9.2.Zincblendestructure1.9.3.Diamondstructure1.9.4.Cesiumchloridestructure1.9.5.Hexagonalclose-packedstructure1.9.6.Wurtzitestructure1.9.7.Packingfactor1.10.Thereciprocallattice1.11.TheBrillouinzone1.12.SummaryF

3、undamentalsofSolidStateEngineeringManijehRazeghiObjectiveoftheChapter•Discussstatesofmatter•Crystallinestructure•Crystalsymmetry•Unitcell•Symmetryelementsandthesevencrystalsystems•Introductiontopointgroups•Millerindices•ExamplesofrealcrystalsFundamental

4、sofSolidStateEngineeringManijehRazeghiABriefHistoryofCrystallineState•JohannesKepler(1611)Whydosnowflakeshave6corners?Showshowclosepackingofspheresgivesrisetoa6cornergeometricalshape.=>Firsttreatiseongeometricalcrystallography.•RobertHook(1665)Usedclose

5、packingargumentstoexplaintheshapesofanumberofcrystals.=>Foundationofthemathematicaltheoryofcrystalstructure.•Withthediscoveryofx-raydiffractionandelectrondiffraction,itwasshownthatmostmaterials,includingbiologicalobjects,haveacrystallinenaturetosomeexte

6、nt.FundamentalsofSolidStateEngineeringManijehRazeghiPeriodicTableofElementsFundamentalsofSolidStateEngineeringManijehRazeghiAggregateStatesofMatter1)Matter,beitagas,liquidorsolid,iscomposedofatoms,ions,molecules,andisthusdiscontinuous.2)Butthesizeofthes

7、eatoms,ions,moleculesis~1Åor10-8cm,somatterappearscontinuoustous.SolidGasLiquidFundamentalsofSolidStateEngineeringManijehRazeghiSingleCrystal•Itisthemoststablestate.Ithasanexactperiodicarrangementofbuildingblocks.FundamentalsofSolidStateEngineeringManij

8、ehRazeghiPolycrystal•Dividingagivenvolumeintoanumberofsmallersinglecrystals.FundamentalsofSolidStateEngineeringManijehRazeghiAmorphousSolid•Thereisnoperiodicityandthesolidhasthesamepropertiesinalldirections(isotropic).e.g.Glasses