The Cognitive Approach

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1、TheCognitiveApproachTEACHINGINDEX

2、NEXTTheCognitiveApproach(awarenessoftherules).Cognitivetheoryassumesthatresponsesarealsotheresultofinsightandintentionalpatterning.Insightcanbedirectedto(a)theconceptsbehindlanguagei.e.totraditionalgrammar.Itcanalsobedirectedto(b)languageasano

3、peration-setsofcommunicativefunctions.Avarietyofactivitiespractisedinnewsituationswillallowassimilationofwhathasalreadybeenlearntorpartlylearnt.Itwillalsocreatefurthersituationsforwhichexistinglanguageresourcesareinadequateandmustaccordinglybemodifiedorextended-"accommodation"

4、.Thisensuresanawarenessandacontinuingsupplyoflearninggoalsaswellasaidingthemotivationofthelearner.Cognitivetheorythereforeacknowledgestheroleofmistakes.SeeDakin'sNovishlessoninwhichhesetsdeliberatetrapsin"TheLanguageLaboratoryandLanguageLearning"byJulianDakinpublishedbyLongman

5、1973.Dakin:"Wemustdesignourlessonsandlanguagelaboratorytapessoastoinvitethelearnertomaketheminimumnumberofmistakesconsonantwith,andconduciveto,learningnewrules.Equallyimportanttotheprinciplesunderlyingtheuseof"meaningfuldrills"andalsorelevanttotheroleofmistakesincognotivetheor

6、yistheassociationofmentalismwithnotionalism.HowmuchcognitivetheorydoEnglishlanguageteachersneedtoknow?·Step1:makeyourtraineessupplyexamplesofalltypesof"meaningful"and"meaningless"patterndrillsexploitingvariousrelationships·Step2:allowyourtraineestoexperiencewhatitisliketobeina

7、beginnersclassinalanguageoutsidetheircurrentknowledge.The"Novish"simulationmakesthispossibleiftimeisatapremium.TrainersofEnglishlanguageteacherscanachievepracticalcoverageofcognitivelearningtheorybyreviewingthehistoryoflanguageteaching,especiallytheperiodinthemid20thcenturywhe

8、n"meaningfuldrills"werebeingadvocatedandtheshortcomingsof"meaninglessdrills"werebeinghighlighted.Althoughdrillingandrotelearningbecamesubjecttoconsiderableprejudiceinsomeeducationalcirclesinthelate20thcentury,nolanguagelearnerwillproceedveryfarwithoutrecognitionoflanguagestruc

9、tureandnobodywillsucceedinlearningmuchwithoutpracticeandrepet