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1、LinYutang'sIntroductiontoChuangtse:MysticandHumoristJesuswasfollowedbySt.Paul,SocratesbyPlato,ConfuciusbyMencius,andLaotsebyChuangtse.Inallfourcases,thefirstwastherealteacherandeitherwrotenobooksorwroteverylittle,andthesecondbegantodevelopthedoctrinesandwrotelongan
2、dprofounddiscourses.Chuangtse,whodiedabout275B.C.,wasseparatedfromLaotse'sdeathbynotquitetwohundredyears,andwasstrictlyacontemporaryofMencius.Yetthemostcuriousthingisthatalthoughboththesewritersmentionedtheotherphilosophersofthetime,neitherwasmentionedbytheotherinh
3、isworks.Onthewhole,ChuangtsemustbeconsideredthegreatestprosewriteroftheChouDynasty,asCh'u:Yu:anmustbeconsideredthegreatestpoet.Hisclaimtothispositionrestsbothuponthebrillianceofhisstyleandthedepthofhisthought.Thatexplainsthefactthatalthoughhewasprobablythegreatests
4、landererofConfucius,andwithMotse,thegreatestantagonistofConfucianideas,noConfucianscholarhasnotopenlyorsecretlyadmiredhim.Peoplewhowouldnotopenlyagreewithhisideaswouldneverthelessreadhimasliterature.Norcanitbesaidtrulythatapure-bloodedChinesecouldeverquitedisagreew
5、ithChuangtse'sideas.TaoismisnotaschoolofthoughtinChina,itisadeep,fundamentaltraitofChinesethinking,andoftheChineseattitudetowardlifeandtowardsociety.Ithasdepth,whileConfucianismhasonlyapracticalsenseofproportions;itenrichesChinesepoetryandimaginationinanimmeasurabl
6、emanner,anditgivesaphilosophicsanctiontowhateverisintheidle,freedom-loving,poetic,vagabondChinesesoul.Itprovidestheonlysafe,romanticreleasefromthesevereConfucianclassicrestraint,andhumanizestheveryhumaniststhemselves;thereforewhenaChinesesucceeds,heisalwaysaConfuci
7、anist,andwhenhefails,heisalwaysaTaoist.Asmorepeoplefailthansucceedinthisworld,andasallwhosucceedknowthattheysucceedbutinalameandhaltingmannerwhentheyexaminethemselvesinthedarkhoursofthenight,IbelieveTaoistideasaremoreoftenatworkthanConfucianism.EvenaConfucianistsuc
8、ceedsonlywhenheknowsheneverreallysucceeds,thatis,byfollowingTaoistwisdom.TsengKuofan,thegreatConfuciangeneralwhosuppressedtheTaipingRebellion,had
