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1、[大家网bbs.TopSage.com]LinYutang'sIntroductiontoChuangtse:MysticandHumoristJesuswasfollowedbySt.Paul,SocratesbyPlato,ConfuciusbyMencius,andLaotsebyChuangtse.Inallfourcases,thefirstwastherealteacherandeitherwrotenobooksorwroteverylittle,andthesecondbegantodevelop
2、thedoctrinesandwrotelongandprofounddiscourses.Chuangtse,whodiedabout275B.C.,wasseparatedfromLaotse'sdeathbynotquitetwohundredyears,andwasstrictlyacontemporaryofMencius.Yetthemostcuriousthingisthatalthoughboththesewritersmentionedtheotherphilosophersofthetime,
3、neitherwasmentionedbytheotherinhisworks.Onthewhole,ChuangtsemustbeconsideredthegreatestprosewriteroftheChouDynasty,asCh'u:Yu:anmustbeconsideredthegreatestpoet.Hisclaimtothispositionrestsbothuponthebrillianceofhisstyleandthedepthofhisthought.Thatexplainsthefac
4、tthatalthoughhewasprobablythegreatestslandererofConfucius,andwithMotse,thegreatestantagonistofConfucianideas,noConfucianscholarhasnotopenlyorsecretlyadmiredhim.Peoplewhowouldnotopenlyagreewithhisideaswouldneverthelessreadhimasliterature.Norcanitbesaidtrulytha
5、tapure-bloodedChinesecouldeverquitedisagreewithChuangtse'sideas.TaoismisnotaschoolofthoughtinChina,itisadeep,fundamentaltraitofChinesethinking,andoftheChineseattitudetowardlifeandtowardsociety.Ithasdepth,whileConfucianismhasonlyapracticalsenseofproportions;it
6、enrichesChinesepoetryandimaginationinanimmeasurablemanner,anditgivesaphilosophicsanctiontowhateverisintheidle,freedom-loving,poetic,vagabondChinesesoul.Itprovidestheonlysafe,romanticreleasefromthesevereConfucianclassicrestraint,andhumanizestheveryhumaniststhe
7、mselves;thereforewhenaChinesesucceeds,heisalwaysaConfucianist,andwhenhefails,heisalwaysaTaoist.Asmorepeoplefailthansucceedinthisworld,andasallwhosucceedknowthattheysucceedbutinalameandhaltingmannerwhentheyexaminethemselvesinthedarkhoursofthenight,IbelieveTaoi
8、stideasaremoreoftenatworkthanConfucianism.EvenaConfucianistsucceedsonlywhenheknowsheneverreallysucceeds,thatis,byfollowingTaoistwisdom.TsengKuofan,thegreatConfuciangeneralwhosuppressedthe
