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1、语言是一个复杂适应系统清华大学2005.10.12王士元WilliamS.-Y.Wang香港中文大学，中央研究院wsywang@ee.cuhk.edu.hkhttp://www.ee.cuhk.edu.hk/~wsywang1复杂适应系统ComplexAdaptiveSystem2Jacob,Francois.1977.Evolutionandtinkering.Science196.1161-1166.“…oftenwithoutknowingwhatheisgoingtoproduce,…u
2、seswhateverhefindsaroundhim,oldcardboards,piecesofstrings,fragmentsofwoodormetal,tomakesomekindofworkableobject.”3Gell-Mann,Murray.1994.TheQuarkandtheJaguar.Freeman.Whatisespeciallyhardformanypeopletoacceptisthatchanceplusselectionpressurecanleadfrom
3、asimpleinitialconditiontohighlycomplexformsandtocomplexecologicalcommunitiescomprisingsuchforms.Theycannotreallybringthemselvestobelievethatsuchevolutioncantakeplacewithoutsomekindofguidinghand,somekindofdesign.[316].4ice>water>steamwords>sentences>h
4、ierarchyrecursionMajortransitionsheatcomplexity5Severalpossiblephasetransitionssymbolizationsegmentalphonologycompositionality(Simplewordorder&recursion)hierarchicalstructure(incl.embedding)animalcommunicationsystemhumanlanguage6kn->n-knight>nightkno
5、w>noknew>newknead>needknot>notknave>nave. .Cf:gnarl,gnome,gnaw,… acknowledge,agnostic,…7lllll裸落練涼藍果各柬京監8舌根音消失上古英語k,g0/-n上古漢語k,g0/-l9杜甫丽人行1–6[阴-阳]17–26[阳-阴]新人尘珍真匀神津春麟巡茵苹巾伦嗔1011W.S-Y.Wang.Feb.1973.ScientificAmerican.12Minimumballoonscomprising90%poin
6、tsfromeachindividualtonetype.TheMandarintonesarerelativelycompactanddiscretelydistributed,whichallowsformoresuccessfultonerecognition.Peng,GangandWang,W.S-Y.(2005).“TonerecognitionofcontinuousCantonesespeechbasedonsupportvectormachines.”SpeechCommuni
7、cation,45:49-62.13赵元任，语言问题。1980：149施氏食狮史石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。氏时时适市视狮。十时，适十狮适市。是时，适施氏适市。氏视是十狮，恃矢势，使是十狮逝世。氏拾是十狮尸，适石室。石室湿，氏使侍拭石室。石室拭，氏始试食十狮尸。食时，始识是十狮尸，实十石狮尸。试释是事。14赵元任，语言问题。1980：149施氏食狮史石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。氏时时适市视狮。十时，适十狮适市。是时，适施氏适市。氏视是十狮，恃矢势，使是十狮逝世。氏拾是十狮尸，适石室。石室湿，
8、氏使侍拭石室。石室拭，氏始试食十狮尸。食时，始识是十狮尸，实十石狮尸。试释是事。15广州话 普通话广州话 普通话眼 眼睛鼻鼻子耳 耳朵杯杯子女 女儿被被子仔 儿子枱 桌子翼 翅膀凳 凳子衫衣服袖 袖子纽 纽扣袜袜子蟹 螃蟹橙 橙子蔗 甘蔗竹 竹子冇 没有篮篮子知 知道蚊蚊子易 容易靓 漂亮例子来自陈卉2005。16名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜。名无
