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1、TheEmergenceofLanguageasaComplexAdaptiveSystemAuthor:NickC.EllisInJamesSimpson(Ed.),RoutledgeHandbookofAppliedLinguistics.Routledge/TaylorFrancis2011.LanguageEmergencep.11.History:TheMysteriousProcessSaussure(1916)characterizedtheunitsoflanguageaslinguisticsigns,thesignifiersoflinguisticform
2、andtheirassociatedsignifiedfunctions,conceptsormeanings.InSaussure’sviewlinguisticsignsarisefromthedynamicinteractionsofthoughtandsound–frompatternsofusage:‘whathappensisneitheratransformationofthoughtintomatter,noratransformationofsoundintoideas.Whattakesplaceisasomewhatmysteriousprocessbyw
3、hich“thought-sound”evolvesdivisions,andalanguagetakesplacewithitslinguisticunitsinbetweenthesetwoamorphousmasses’(p.110-111).ThusbeganStructuralistlinguistics,thestudyoflanguageasarelationalstructure,whoseelementalconstructionsderivetheirformsandfunctionsfromtheirdistributionsintextsanddisco
4、urse.Thisapproachhadsignificantimpactuponappliedlinguisticstoo.Fries,thefounderoftheEnglishLanguageInstituteattheUniversityofMichigan,distinguishedbetweenlexicalandstructuralmeaning,withstructuralmeaningconcerningthepatternsrelatingaparticulararrangementofformclassestoparticularstructuralmea
5、nings.Inthisview,languageacquisitionisthelearningofaninventoryofpatterns,asarrangementsofwords,withtheirassociatedstructuralmeanings.Fries’(1952)StructureofEnglishpresentedananalysisofthesepatterns,andRoberts’(1956)PatternsofEnglishwasatextbookpresentationofthissystemforclassroomuse.Harris(1
6、955),founderofthefirstUSlinguisticsdepartmentattheUniversityofPennsylvania,developedrigorousdiscoveryproceduresforphonemesandmorphemesbasedonthedistributionalpropertiesoftheseunits.ForHarris,formandinformation(grammarandsemantics)wereinseparable.Heproposedthateachhumanlanguageisaself-organiz
7、ingLanguageEmergencep.2systeminwhichboththesyntacticandsemanticpropertiesofawordareestablishedpurelyinrelationtootherwords,andthatthepatternsofalanguagearelearnedthroughexposuretousageinsocialparticipation(Harris1982,1991).Structuralism,thedominant
