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1、Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetextsthatyouhavelearnedthissemester.1.What’stheparalegal;explaintheroleoftheparalegalinthelegalenvironment?2.Describethepurposeofapetitionforwritofcertiorari.3.Explainhowtheconceptofprecedentorstaredecisisoperatestoday.4.Identifythecategoriesofp
2、rimaryandsecondarylegalresearchsources.5.Describesomeofthemajorethicalrulesthatgovernlegalprofessionals.Translation ThemainfeaturesoftheAnglo-AmericanciviltrialdevelopedinthepracticeoftheEnglishcommonlawcourtsinmedievalandearlymoderntimes,asaconsequenceofthejurysystem,inwhichpanelsofla
3、ypersonswereusedtodecidecases.Legalprofessionals—judgesandlawyers—operatedtheinitialpleadingstageoftheprocedure,whichwasmeanttoidentifyandtonarrowthedisputebetweentheparties.Ifthedisputeturnedonamatteroflaw—thatis,onaquestionsuchaswhetherthecomplaintstatedalegallyactionableclaim,orwhet
4、hersomeparticularlegalrulegoverned—theprofessionaljudgesdecidedthecaseonthepleadings.If,however,thepleadingsestablishedthatthecaseturnedonaquestionoffact,thecasewassentforresolutionattrialbyajurycomposedofcitizensuntrainedinthelaw.Sotightwasthelinkagebetweentrialandjurythattherewasinfa
5、ctnosuchthingasnonjurytrialatcommonlaw.Inanycaseinvolvingadisputedissueoffact,benchtrialwasunknownuntilthelaternineteenthcentury.Intheearlydaysofthejurysystem,inthetwelfthandthirteenthcenturies,jurorsweredrawnfromtheclosevicinityoftheeventsgivingrisetothedispute,intheexpectationthatthe
6、jurorswouldhaveknowledgeoftheevents,orifnot,thatthejurorswouldbeabletoinvestigatethematterontheirowninadvanceofthetrial.Medievaljurorscametocourtmostlytospeakratherthantolisten—nottohearevidence,buttoreportaverdictthattheyhadagreeduponinadvance.AcrossthelaterMiddleAges,thejuryceasedtof
7、unctioninthiswayforcomplexreasons,includingcataclysmicdemographicdislocationsfollowingtheBlackDeathofthe1340sandtheeffectsofurbanizationinproducingmoreimpersonalsocialrelations.Byearlymoderntimes,jurorswerenolongerexpectedtocometocourtknowingthefacts.Thetrialchangedcharacterandbecame
