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1、Chapter4SyntaxQUESTION:Whatis“syntax”?Syn-(together)+-tax(toarrange)arrangementSYNTAX:thestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences4.1ThetraditionalapproachBasicassumptions:(1)S
2、entence:asequenceofwords(2)Studyofsentenceformation(syntax)studyofwordscategories:partsofspeech,functions(e.g.subject,object),propertiesofunits(e.g.noun:categoriesofnumber,gender,case;verb:categoriesoftense,aspect,voice)Representative:Bloomfield4.1.1
3、Number,genderandcaseNUMBER:singular,plural,dual(classicalGreek,Arabic),trial(Fijian)GENDERlBiologicalgenderE.g.actor&actress;hero&heroinelGrammaticalgenderE.g.unacteur&unefemmeacteur;lebureau&latableCASEEnglishpronouns:threecasesofnominative(e.g.he),
4、accusative(e.g.him)andgenitive(e.g.his)Englishnouns:twocasesofgeneral(e.g.John)andgenitive(e.g.John’s)NOTE:nominative,accusative,dativeandablativelNominativecaselAccusativecaseE.g.Inominativesawhimaccusative.lDativecaseE.g.Igaveabooktohimdative.lAbla
5、tivecaseE.g.Heopenedthedoorwithakeyablative.4.1.2TenseandaspectC.f.Tense&aspectlTense:auniversalconcept;relativetothetimeofutterance(deictic)lAspect:alinguisticconcept;irrelativetothetimeofutterance(notdeictic),butrelativetothetimeofanothereventdescr
6、ibedTense:past(√morphology),present(√morphology),future(Xmorphology)Futuretense:will/shall+infinitive,begoingto+infinitive,presentprogressiveaspectE.g.Theprofessorwillarriveatteno’clock.PERSPECTIVE(完成体):completionofanaction,e.g.Hereadabook.IMPERFECTI
7、VE(未完成体):durationwithoutcompletion,e.g.Hewasreadingabook.TENSEInEnglish4.1.3ConcordandgovernmentCONCORD(一致关系)/AGREEMENT(协同关系)E.g.determinerandthenounitprecedes,e.g.theseguys;afewquestionsGOVERNMENTE.g.Shegavehimabook.governorgoverned4.2Thestructurala
8、pproachBASICASSUMPTION:linguisticunitsareinterrelatedwitheachotherinastructure(orsystem),notisolatedbits.Representatives:Saussure,Americanstructuralists4.2.1SyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationsSIGNIFIED(所指):conceptSIGNIFIER(能指):soundimageSyntagmaticE.
