语言学Chapter 3 Phonology

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1、Chapter3PhonologyAims:1)Tohaveanunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics;2)Toletthestudentsknowsometermsinphonology,suchasphoneme,allophone,phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionandsoon;3)Tobefamiliarwiththedistinctivefeaturesandsomephonologicalrul

2、es;4)Tounderstandwhatsuprasegmentalfeaturesare.1.PhonologyandphoneticsPhonologyisthestudyofsoundsystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall,howthesoundsystemofalanguagefunctions.Bothphonologyandphoneticsarestudiesofspeechs

3、ounds．Thetwowordscontainthesamerootphono-，meaningsounds．Butwhilebotharerelatedtothestudyofsounds，theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Aswehaveseeninthelastchapter，phoneticsisofageneralnature；itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages：howtheyareproduced，howt

4、heydifferfromeachother，whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess，howtheycanbeclassified，etc.Phonology，ontheotherhand，isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage；itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcomm

5、unication．Thusthesetwoareatoncerelatedanddistinctbranchesoflinguisticstudies.Phonology,therefore,differentfromphonetics,islanguagespecific.Itdealswithspeechsoundswithinthecontextofaparticularlanguage.2.PhonemeandallophonePhonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdist

6、inguishmeaning.Sothesubtledifferencebetweenclear[l]anddark[l]andthatbetweenalveolar[n]anddental[n]arenotreallytheconcernofphonology,butthedifferencebetween[p]and[b]andthatbetween[l]and[m]arebecause[pi:](pea)and[bi:](bee),and[leik]and[meik]areentirelydifferentinmeaning.

7、Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Butisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.Inactualspeech,aphonemeisrealizedphoneticallyasacertainphone.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphon

8、emeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.3.Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionand