语言学资料 phonetics and phonology

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1、Chapter2PhoneticsandPhonologyuTeachingObjectivesüToknowthedifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonologyüTohavesomeideasabouttheclassificationofEnglishconsonantsandvowelsüTounderstandsomeimportantconceptsinphonologyuTimeArrangementüAltogether3periods.2.1ThePhonicMediumofLanguageSpeechandwriti

2、ngarethetwomediausedbynaturallanguagesasvehiclesforcommunication.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasisthanwriting.Languageisprimarilyspoken.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhenthereareneeds.Languageisfirstperceivedthroughitssounds.Thusthestud

3、yofsoundsisofgreatimportanceinlinguistics.Naturally,linguistsarenotinterestedinallsoundsthathumansarecapableofproducing;theyareconcernedwiththosesoundsthatareproducedbyhumansthroughtheirspeechorgansandhavearoletoplayinlinguisticcommunication.Thesesoundsarenotonlylimitedinnumber,butals

4、ouniversaltosomeextent.Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationconstitutethephonicmediumoflanguage,andtheindividualsoundswithinthisrangearethespeechsounds.2.2Phonetics2.2.1DefinitionandScopeuPhoneticsisthescientificstudyofthephonicmediumoflanguageandisconcernedwit

5、hdefiningandclassifyingspeechsoundsuGenerally,thestudyofphoneticsiscomposedofthe3separatebranches:articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.---aritculatoryphonetics:studythesoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.,howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoproducethesounds.Itals

6、odealswiththeidentificationandclassificationofindividualsounds.---acousticphonetics:focusontheanalysisandmeasurementofsoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromoneperson9toanother.---auditoryphonetics:studythesoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.,howthesou

7、ndsareperceived(感知)bythehearer.uThe3branchesarecloselyrelatedtoeachother.Speechsoundscannotbedivorcedfromtheorgansthatarticulatethemandasoundwavedoesnotexistinisolationfromthesourcethatgeneratesit.Alltheapproachesareindispensabletoanunderstandingofphonetics.uInthispartwe’llfocusonarti

8、culat