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1、Unit7TraditionalChineseMedicine4Unit7TraditionalChineseMedicineTextAInfluencesoftheChineseReligiousSystemsonMedicine1.autochthonous[ɔ:tək'θənəs]adj.本地的,原地生成的2.auxiliary[ɔ:gˈziljəri]a.辅助的；备用的3.practitioner[prækˈtiʃənə]n.开业者(尤指医师、律师等)4.apprentice[əˈprentis]n.学徒，徒弟5.rite[rai
2、t]n.仪式6.hereditary[hiˈreditəri]a.遗传的；世袭的7.scholar-gentry士人8.filialpietyn.孝心9.enjoin[inˈdʒɔin]v.命令，吩咐10.embark[imˈbɑ:k]vi.上船(或飞机等)；(on)着手，开始工作11.arcane[ɑ:ˈkein]a.神秘的，秘密的byJosephNeedham1.Asisgenerallyknown,thethreegreatreligioussystemsordoctrines,thesanchiao(三教),wereConfuci
3、anism,TaoismandBuddhism.Onlythefirsttwowereautochthonous1,forthelattercameinfromIndiabeginningintheLaterHan.Thethoughtofthesereligiousphilosophiesaffectedallaspectsofmedicine,andtheymusthaveinfluencedentryintotheprofession.2.AgreatmanymedicalmenthroughouttheMiddleAgesinCh
4、inaweretrainedatthegovernment’sexpense,andoftenbecamecivilservants,evenImperialPhysicians.Inaddition,theremustalwayshavebeenahostofauxiliary2practitioners3wholearnedmedicineasapprentices4andtreatedthepoor.Physicianstendedtocomefromthefamiliesthathadproducedmedicalmenforse
5、veralgenerations.Indeed,theRecordofrites5(Lichi礼记),contemporarywithConfuciushimself(earlyinthe−5thcentury),hasbeeninterpretedtosaythatoneshouldnottakethemedicineofaphysicianwhosefamilyhadnotbeenphysiciansforthreegenerations.3.Fromwhatwehavealreadysaiditisclearthattheclass
6、structureinmediaevalChinawasquitedifferentfromthatofEurope,becauseofthenon-hereditary6bureaucracyofthescholar-gentry7.Socialmobilitywasgreat.Familiesroseintooffice-holding,andsankoutofit,withinafewgenerations.Themedicalprofession,aswehaveemphasised,wasnotwhollylookeddownu
7、ponafteritsearlybeginnings,forasthecenturieswentbymoreandmoreConfucianscholarstendedtoenterit.4.OneinterestingreasonwhymenofscholarlyfamiliestookupmedicinewasbecauseConfucianfilialpiety8enjoined9themtoattendupontheirparents.ThismadethegreatThangmedicalwriterWangThao王涛,amo
8、ngmanyothers,embark10uponthestudiesthatissuedintheWaithaipiyao外台秘要(Arcane11essentialsfromtheimpe
