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1、MotivationandEmotion,Vol.12,No.3,1988TheUniversalityofaContemptExpression:AReplication1PaulEkman2UniversityofCalifornia,SanFranciscoKarlG.HeiderUniversityofSouthCarolinaTwoexperimentsreplicatedEkmanandFriesen'sfindingofanexpressionthatsignalscontemptacrosscultures.Thesubjects,fromWestSumatra,Indo
2、nesia,weremembersofaculturethatdiffersinanumberofwaysfromWesterncultures.InoneexperimentthesubjectsjudgedphotographsofJapaneseandAmericanfaces,bothmalesandfemales,whichshowedmanydifferentemotions.Therewasveryhighagreementaboutwhichexpressionssignaledcontemptinpreferencetoanger,disgust,happiness,s
3、adness,fear,orsurprise.InasecondexperimenttheIndonesiansubjectsjudgedexpres-sionsshownbymembersoftheirownculture,andagaintherewasveryhighagreementaboutwhichexpressionsignalscontempt.EkmanandFriesen(1986)identifiedaspecificfacialexpressionthatobserv-ersineachof10cultures,bothWesternandnon-Western,
4、agreedsignaledcontempt.Thiswasthefirststudyinwhichthelevelofagreementaboutacontemptexpressionwasveryhighineveryculturesampled-greaterthan75%.Althoughanumberofpriorinvestigatorshadincludedcontemptinthelistofemotionstheystudied,mosthadnotseparateditfromdisgustbutinsteadhadcombinedbothwordsintoonere
5、sponsecategory.Thosewho~ThisstudywassupportedbyagrantfromtheNationalInstituteofMentalHealth(MH41100)°PaulEkman'sworkisalsosupportedbyaResearchScientistAwardfromtheNationalInsti-tuteofMentalHealth(MH06092).KarlG.Heider'sworkwassupportedbyagrantfromtheNationalInstituteofMentalHealth(MH38221).Weareg
6、ratefultoMaureenO'Sullivanforhermanyhelpfulcommentsonthisreport.2AddressallcorrespondencetoPaulEkman,HumanInteractionLaboratory,UniversityofCalifornia,401Parnassus,SanFrancisco,California94143.3030146-7239/88/0900-0303506.00/0©1988PlenumPublishingCorporation304EkmanandHeiderdidseparatecontemptand
7、disgustintoseparatejudgmentresponsesfoundthatthemajorityofobserversdidnotagreeaboutwhichexpressionsshowedcontempt.OneofIzard's(1971)experimentsisanexception,forhedidob-tainmajorityagreementamongbothAmericanandTurkishob
