Western Music

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1、WesternMusic-AShortHistoryMusicintheWesternCultureistheresultofvariousinfluences,includingtheformalizationofimprovisedtraditions;thegrowthofnotation;thedevelopmentoftuningsystems;thetreatmentoftext;innovativeapproachestoform;theroleofpatronage;theabsorptionofvariousculturesintothestyle

2、;thegrowthoftechnology;investigationsofperformancepractice;andvariousotherfactors.Westernmusicalsobenefitsfromvariousdualities:sacredandseculartraditions;monophonicandpolyphonictextures;conservativeandprogressivetendencies;popularismandelitism;canonandnon-canonicworks;andotherpolaritie

3、s.Thewesterntraditioniscomplicatedbythesevariousinfluencesandperspectives,andformalmusicologicalstudyoftenbecomesapointofdepartureforother,moreindividualizedinvestigationsofmusic.ThewesterntraditionofmusichasitsoriginsinthechanttraditionoftheearlyChristianera.Themonophonicmusicofchantd

4、ominatedthemiddleages,andincludedthecompositionofsequencesandtropes.Inthehighmiddleages,organumemerged,thusintroducingpolyphonictexturesintoliturgicalmusic.Bythethirteenthcentury,themotetbecameaseminalpolyphoniccompositionandincludedliturgicalandseculartextsaswellasachantcantusfirmus.I

5、ntheArsNovaofthethirteenthandfourteenthcenturies,secularmusicwascomposedpolyphonically,andresultedinelaboratecontrapuntaldevicesandnotationalpractices.InthefifteenthcenturytheearlyRenaissancepolyphonyshowedevidenceofanewstyleinfluencedonfauxbourdonandbasedonpreviouslyimprovisedtraditio

6、ns.Atthistimetexturesgrewfromarelianceonlowervoicestotreble-dominatedtextures.RenaissancemotetsandmadrigalshavetheiroriginsinthemusicoftheNetherlandscomposers(Obrecht,Ockeghem,Busnois,Binchois)andtheidiomculminatesintheworkofJosquinDesprez.WiththelateRenaissance,morenationalandsecularm

7、usicemerged,asfoundwiththeEnglishmadrigalandtheFrenchchanson.Thelatesixteenth-centurymusicincludedattemptstoreturntoGreekdrama.Thelatterresultedintheformulationofmonodyfordeclaimingmusicwhichwasatthecoreofearlyopera(Caccini,Peri)andbecameavehicleforcomposerslikeMonteverditotakeforwar