《英语词汇学》串讲笔记3

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1、Chapter7ChangesinWordMeaning一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为：词义变化的种类，词义变化的原因。通过对本章的学习考生应该了解词义变化的必然性，词义变化的主要方式和原因。在历年考试中：常常以选择题，填空题，搭配题和名词解释题的形式对本章知识点进行考核。二、【知识串讲】重点知识锦集：1.Extension(词义扩大)ofmeaningisalsoknownasgeneralization.2.Narrowingofmeaningisalsocalledspecialization.3.Ofthemodesofword-meaningchange,extensiona

2、ndnarrowingarebyfarthemostcommon.4.Degradation（降格）orpejorationofmeaningistheoppositeofsemanticelevation.5.Thedegradedmeaning“sexualdesire”oftheword“lust”comesfromitsoldmeaning“pleasure”.6.Thenamegiventothewideningofmeaningwhichsomewordsundergoisextension.7.Therearegenerallytwomajorfactorsthatcausech

3、angesinmeaning:Extra-linguisticFactorsandLinguisticFactors.（非语言因素和语言因素）8.Theattitudesofclasseshavemadeinroadsintolexicalmeaninginthecaseofelevationordegradation.9.ThechangesofmeaningmaybecausedbyinternalfactorswithintheLanguagesystem.10.Themeaningsof“lip”and“tongue”in“thelipofawound”and“thetongueofa

4、bell”haveexperiencedassociatedtransfer.（联想转移）11.Theso-called“King’sEnglish”servesasaclassreason（阶级原因）inword-meaningchange.12.Thechangeofword-meaningisbroughtaboutbyfollowinginternalfactors:theinfluxofborrowing,shortening,analogy.13.Generalizationisaprocessbywhichawordthatoriginallyhadaspecializedmea

5、ninghasnowbecomegeneralized.14.Thefourmajormodesofsemanticchangeare:extension（扩大）,narrowing（缩小）,elevation（升华）anddegradation（降格）.名词解释：1.extension（词义的扩大）:Itisaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.Inotherwords,thetermhasextendedtocoverabroaderandoftenlessdefin

6、iteconcept.2.narrowing（词义的缩小）:itistheoppositeofwideningmeaning.Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense.Inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralmeaningbecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialmeaninginpresent-dayEnglish.3.elevation（升华）:Elevationoramelio

7、rationreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.4.degradation（降格）:Degradationorpejorationofmeaningistheoppositeofsemanticelevation.It’saprocesswherebywordsofgoodori