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1、ActionandInstitution,NetworkandFunction:TheCyberneticConceptofSocialStructureThomasJ.FararoUniversityofPittsburghJohnSkvoretzUniversityofSouthCarolinaAprogramofresearchontheformalrepresentationandanalysisofinstitutionalstructuresistakenastepfurtherbyintegratingitwithrecent
2、developmentsintheformalrepresentationofhierar-chicallevelsofinclusionorpart-wholerelations.Webeginbyre-viewingacyberneticconceptionofactionandshowhowthisre-latestotheconstructionofproductionsystemmodelsofinstitutionalstructures.Thereafter,wetreattheinclusionhierarchytoshow
3、howtheproductionruleconstitutestheconceptualunitintegrat-ingsocialknowledgeandsocialactionuponwhicharebuilttwohierarchies,involvinginstitutionalentitiesandsocialnetworks,re-spectively.Weindicatesomeofthedetailedformsofcontrolin-volvedinthesehierarchiesandthenshowhowaformof
4、func-tionalanalysiscanbeundertakenonthisbasis.Finally,weprovidealengthydiscussionofthepromiseandproblemsofthismodeofstructuralanalysis.INTRODUCTIONTenure,theemploymentcontract,thePresidencyoftheUnitedStates,themotel,andtheteller-customerrelationinabankareallexamplesofinsti
5、tutionalstructuresofAmericansociety.Eachcaseoftenure,eachemploymentcontract,eachPresidency,eachmotel,eachteller-customerinteractionineachbankare"embodiments"ofthesestructures.Thus,eachinstitutionhasthepropertyofpotentialoractualmultipleembodiment,eitherintimeonly(thePresid
6、encyoftheUnitedStates)orinbothspaceandtime(thetenureinstitution),withrespecttothespecifiedsocialsysteminwhichtheinstitutionisastructuralcomponent.Forsomeyearsnow,wehavebeenworkingtowardthedevelopmentofaformalmodeofrepresentationofinstitutionsbasedontwokeyideas:thataninstit
7、utionhasmultipleembodimentsintime©1986byTheEasternSociologicalSociety.Allrightsreserved.0884-8971/86/0102-0219$1.50SFVolume1Number2219SociologicalForumorspaceandthataninstitutionisanintrinsicallyprocessualstructure.Inaddition,wehaveattemptedtorepresentthesestructuresinsuch
8、awaythattheyareatypeofinterpenetrationofculturalsymbolsystemsandconcretesocialinteraction
