资源描述：
《society, science and education in the soviet union》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、684ANTHROPOLOGY:C.D.HARRISPROC.N.A.S.NationalScienceFoundationInstituteoftheHistoryofScienceinSeptember,1957.Thatpaper,'TheEncyclopedieandtheJacobinPhilosophyofScience,"isinpressinthesymposiumwhichrecordstheactsoftheInstitute,MarshallClagett,ed.,CriticalProblemsintheHistor
2、yofScience(Madison:UniversityofWisconsinPress,1959),towhichthereadermayturnforapreliminary(thoughconsiderable)documentation.Toreproducetheannotationherewouldburdenthisshortpaperveryheavilyindeed.SOCIETY,SCIENCE,ANDEDUCATIONINTHESOVIETUNIONBYCHAUNCYD.HARRISUNIVERSITYOFCHICA
3、GOInthesummerof1957whileintheSovietUnionasatourist,IwasinvitedtoaddressoneoftheinstitutesoftheAcademyofSciencesoftheUSSRontheorgan-izationofscientificworkingeographyintheUnitedStates.ManytimesIhadbeenaskedabouttheAmericannationalplanforscientificresearch,howitwasdirected,w
4、hodeterminedonwhichtopicsresearchwouldbeundertaken,howscientificresearchwassupported,andsimilarquestions.OnthatoccasionIfeltobligedtoexplainthatthewidediffusionofresponsibilityforscientificresearchandeducationintheUnitedStatesreflectedthesocial,economic,andpoliticalsystemo
5、fthiscountryandthehistoryofitsdevelopment.'OneneedstorecallthattheAmericanRevolutionof1776wascharacterizedbyseriousmisgivingaboutthedangersofuncheckedcentralizedgovernmentpower.Asaresult,intheUnitedStatespoliticalresponsibilityandpowerisdividedamongtheexecutive,legislative
6、,andjudicialbranchesofgovernmentatthefederallevel,andamongfederal,state,andlocal*governmentalunits.Furthermore,someaspectsofsocietyareheldaltogetheroutsidethedomainofgovernment.Theprogramofhighereducationisdividedbetweenpubliclysupporteduniversitiesof48separatestatesandofo
7、thergovernmentunitsononehand,andprivateuniversitiesofmanytypesontheother.Scientificresearchispursuedindependentlybyuniversities,government,andindustry.NowinthereversesituationImusttrytomakeclearthattheorganizationofscientificresearchintheSovietUnionhasalsobeenprofoundlyaff
8、ectedbyarevolution,morerecentthantheAmericanoneandofaverydifferentcharacter.TheCommunistR
