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1、MotivationandEmotion,Vol.19,No.2,1995ConceptualandMethodologicalIssuesintheJudgmentofFacialExpressionsofEmotionIErikaL.Rosenberg2andPaulEkmanUniversityofCalifornia,SanFranciscoIntwostudies,subjectsjudgedasetoffacialexpressionsofemotionbyeitherprovidinglabelsoftheirownchoice
2、todescribethestimuli(free-choicecondition),choosingalabelfromalistofemotionwords,orchoosingastoryfromalistofemotionstories(fixed-choiceconditions).Inthefree-choicecondition,levelsofagreementbetweensubjectsonthepredictedemotioncategoriesforsixbasicemotionsweresignificantlygr
3、eaterthanchancelevels,andcomparabletothoseshowninfixed-choicestudies.Aspredicted,therewaslittletonoagreementonaverballabelforcontempt.Agreementoncontemptwasgreatlyimprovedwhensubjectswereallowedtoidentifytheexpressionintermsofanantecedenteventforthatemotionratherthaninterms
4、ofasingleverballabel,afindingthatcouldnotbeattributedtothemethodologicalartifactofexclusioninafixed-choiceparadigm.Thesefindingssupporttwoconclusions:(1)thatthelabelsusedinfixed-choiceparadigmsaccuratelyreflecttheverbalcategoriespeopleusewhenfreelabelingfacialexpressionsofe
5、motion,and(2)thatlexicallyambiguousemotions,suchascontempt,areunderstoodintermsoftheirsituationalmeanings.Overthepast25yearsnumerousstudiesofliterateandpreliteratecultureshaveshownthatanger,disgust,fear,happiness,sadness,andsurpriseareuniversallyrecognized(forreviewsseeEkma
6、n,1989;Ekman,Friesen,&Ellsworth,1972;Ekman&Oster,1979;Izard,1971,1977).Thisfinding,1ThisresearchwassupportedinpartbyaResearchScientistAwardfromtheNationalInstituteofMentalHealth(MH06091)toPaulEkman.AddressallcorrespondenceconcerningthisarticletoErikaL.Rosenberg,whoisnowatth
7、eDepartmentofPsychology,220WolfHall,UniversityofDelaware,Newark,Delaware19716-2577.1110146-7239/95/0600.011I$07.50/0©1995PlenumPublishingCorporation112RosenbergandEkmanwhichmaybeoneofthemorestableandreproduciblephenomenainpsy-chology,hasservedasafoundationforevolutionaryand
8、biologicaltheoriesofemotion(e.g.,Ekman,1977;Tooby&Cosmides,1987)aswellasapointofre
