More is Different

《More is Different》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。

1、4August1972,Volume177,Number4047SCIE:NC1Slessrelevancetheyseemtohavetotheveryrealproblemsoftherestofsci-ence,muchlesstothoseofsociety.TheconstructionisthypothesisbreaksdownwhenconfrontedwiththetwinMoreIsDifferentdifficultiesofscaleandcomplexity.Thebehavioroflargeandcomplexaggre-gatesofelem

2、entaryparticles,itturnsBrokensymmetryandthenatureofout,isnottobeunderstoodintermsofasimpleextrapolationoftheprop-thehierarchicalstructureofscienceertiesofafewparticles.Instead,ateachlevelofcomplexityentirelynewpropertiesappear,andtheunderstand-P.W.Andersoningofthenewbehaviorsrequiresre-sea

3、rchwhichIthinkisasfundamentalinitsnatureasanyother.Thatis,itseemstomethatonemayarraytheThereductionisthypothesismaystillplanatlon-ofphenomena;ntermsofsciencesroughlylinearlyinahierarchy,lbeatopicforcontroversyamongphi-lnownfundamentallaws.Asalways,dis-accordingtotheideaTheelementarylosophe

4、rs,butamongthegreatmajoritytinotionsofthiskindarenotunambiguous,entitiesofscienceXobeythelawsofbuttheyareclearinmostcases.SolidofactivescientistsIthinkitisacceptedstatephysics,plasmaphysics,andperhapsscienceYwithoutquestionTheworkingsofouralsobiologyareextensiveeHighenergymindsandbodles,an

5、dofalltheani-physicsandagoodpartofnuclearphysicsymateorlnanimatematterofwhichweareintensive.ThereisalwaysmuchlessstateXsolidorelementaryparticleintensiveresearchgoingonthanextensive.many-bodyphysicsphysicshaveanydetailedknowledgesareasOncenewfundamentallawsarediscov-chemistrymany-bodyphysi

6、cssumedtobecontrolledbythesameseteredsalargeandeverincreasingactivitymo-lecularbiologychemistryo£fundamentallawswhichexceptbeginsinordertoapplythediscoveriestocellbiologymolecularbiologyundercertainextremeconditionswehithertounexplainedphenomena.Thus,.feelweknowprettywell.therearetwodimens

7、ionstobasicre-.*Itseemsinevitabletogoonunerit-searchThefrontierofscienceextendsall*alongalonglinefromthenewestandmostpsychologyphyslologyicallytowhatappearsatfirstsighttomodernintenslveresearch5overtheex-soclal*.sclences.psychologybe-anobviouscorollaryofreduct