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1、TheNormativityofInstrumentalReasonInKorsgaard,TheConstitutionofAgency:EssaysonPracticalReasonandMoralPsychology,OxfordUniversityPress,2008,pp.27-68.AbstractandKeywordsMostphilosophersthinkituncontroversialthatpracticalreasonrequiresustotakethemeanstoourends,buthavebeensil
2、entaboutthenormativefoundationofthisrequirement.Theinterestingquestion,almosteveryoneagrees,iswhetherpracticalreasonrequiresanythingmore,suchasaprincipleofmoralityorprudence.Thischapterexaminesthequestionwhatmakesinstrumentalreasonnormative.Itarticulatestheanswersimplicit
3、intherationalistandempiricisttraditions,criticizingtheformerforitsinabilitytoexplainhowwecanbemotivatedbytheinstrumentalprinciple,andthelatterforitsinabilitytoexplainhowwecanbeguidedbyit.Itarguesthatthenormativityofinstrumentalreason,likethatofmoralreason,mustbegroundedin
4、theagent'sautonomy,andalsothattherecanbenorequirementtotakethemeanstoourendsunlesstherearealsorequiredends.Keywords:autonomy,categoricalimperative,desire,empiricist,Hume,instrumental,Kant,normativity,rationalist,reason1.TheProblemMostphilosophersthinkitisbothuncontroversi
5、alandunproblematicthatpracticalreasonrequiresustotakethemeanstoourends.Ifdoingacertainactionisnecessaryfororevenjustpromotesaperson'saims,thepersonobviouslyhasatleastaprimafaciereasontodoit.Justasobviously,thisreasoniswhatwenowadayscallan“internal”reason,onethatiscapableo
6、fmotivatingthepersontowhomitapplies.Sothosewhoholdthatpracticalreasonsmustbeinternalpointtotheinstrumentalprincipleasaclearcaseofasourceofreasonsthatpassthattest.1Butphilosophershave,forthemostpart,beensilentonthequestionofthenormativefoundationofthisrequirement.Theintere
7、stingquestion,almosteveryoneagrees,iswhetherpracticalreasonrequiresanythingmoreofusthanthis.Infact,inthephilosophicaltradition,threekindsofprincipleshavebeenproposedasrequirementsofpracticalreason.First,thereistheinstrumentalprincipleitself.Kant,oneofthefewphilosopherswho
8、doesdiscussitsfoundation,identifiestheinstrumentalprincipleasakindofhypotheticalimperative,atech
