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1、WhatMoneyCan’tBuy:TheMoralLimitsofMarketsMICHAELJ.SANDELTheTannerLecturesonHumanValuesDeliveredatBrasenoseCollege,OxfordMay11and12,1998MichaelJ.SandelisprofessorofgovernmentatHar-vardUniversity,wherehehastaughtpoliticalphilosophyintheFacultyofArtsandSciencessince1980.Hewased-ucatedatBrandeisUnivers
2、ityandreceivedhisPh.D.fromBalliolCollege,OxfordUniversity,wherehewasaRhodesScholar.HeisamemberoftheNationalConstitutionCenterAdvisoryPanel,theRhodesScholarshipCommit-teeofSelection,theShalomHartmanInstituteofJewishPhilosophy,andtheCouncilonForeignRelations.HehasreceivedfellowshipsfromtheFordFoundat
3、ion,theAmer-icanCouncilofLearnedSocieties,andtheNationalEn-dowmentfortheHumanities.Heistheauthor,mostrecently,ofDemocracy’sDiscontent:AmericainSearchofaPublicPhilosophy(1996),aswellasLiberalismandItsCritics(1984)andLiberalismandtheLimitsofJustice(1982).LECTUREI.COMMODIFICATION,COMMERCIALIZATION,AND
4、PRIVATIZATION1.TippingtheTutorItisagreathonorandpleasuretobebackatOxfordtogivetheselectures.IttakesmebacktothetimewhenIŠrstarrivedhereasagraduatestudenttwenty-twoyearsago.TherewasawelcomingdinnerfornewstudentsatBalliol.TheMasteratthetimewasChristopherHill,therenownedMarxisthistorian.Inhiswelcom-ing
5、remarksherecalledhisearlydaysatOxfordasayoungtutor,andhetoldusofhisdutiful,butsomewhatpatronizing,upper-classstudents,oneofwhomlefthimaŠve-poundtipattheendofterm.Hill’spoint,Ithink,wasthattimeshadchanged.Wewerenotsupposedtotipourtutors.Notthatthethoughthadeveroccurredtomebeforehementionedit.Butitdo
6、esraiseaninterestingques-tion:Whynot?Whatiswrongwithtippingthetutor?Nothingperhaps,ifthetutorisaneconomist.Afterall,accordingtomanyeconomists,andalsonon-economistsinthegripofeconomicwaysofthinking,moneyisalwaysagoodwayofallocatinggoods,or,Isuppose,ofexpressingthanks.IassumethatChristopherHilldisapp
7、rovedofthetipbecauseheviewedthemonetarypaymentasanindignity,asafailuretoregardteachingwiththeproperrespect.Butnoteverybodyviewsmoneyandteachinginthisway.AdamSmith,forone,didnot.Hesawnothingwrongwithcompensa
