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1、RANDOLPHQUIRKAGRAMMAROFSIDNEYGREENBAUMCONTEMPORARYGEOFFREYLEECHENGLISHJANSVARTVIK1LONGMANGROUPUKLIMITEDLongmanHouse,BurntMill,Hartow,EssexCM202JE,EnglandandAssociatedCompaniesthroughouttheworld.©LongmanGroupLtd1972Allrightsreserved;nopartofthispublicationma
2、ybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionoftheCopyrightowner.Firstpublished1972Ninthimpression(corrected)1980Twentiethimpression1992ISB
3、N058252444XProducedbyLongmanSingaporePublishersPteLtdPrintedinSingaporePREFACEThefirstattemptsatproducingagrammarofEnglishweremadewhentherewerelessthantenmillionspeakersofEnglishintheworld,almostallofthemlivingwithin100milesorsoofLondon.GrammarsofEnglishhav
4、egoneonbeingwrittenduringtheintervening400yearsreflectingavariety(andgrowingcomplexity)ofneeds,whilespeakersofEnglishhavemultipliedseveralhundredfoldanddispersedthemselvessothatthelanguagehasachievedauniquelywidespreadthroughouttheworldand,withthat,auniquei
5、mportance.WemakenoapologyforaddingonemoretothesuccessionofEnglishgrammars.Inthefirstplace,thoughfairlybriefsynopsesarecommonenough,therehavebeenveryfewattemptsatsocomprehensiveacoverageasisofferedinthepresentwork.Fewerstillintermsofsynchronicdescription.And
6、noneatallsocomprehensiveorinsuchdepthhasbeenproducedwithinanEnglish-speakingcountry.Moreover,ourGrammaraimsatthiscomprehensivenessanddepthintreatingEnglishirrespective2offrontiers:ourfieldisnolessthanthegrammarofeducatedEnglishcurrentinthesecondhalfofthetwe
7、ntiethcenturyintheworld'smajorEnglish-speakingcommunities.OnlywhereafeaturebelongsspecificallytoBritishusageorAmericanusage,toinformalconversationortothedignityofformalwriting,are'labels'introducedinthedescriptiontoshowthatwearenolongerdiscussingthe'commonc
8、ore'ofeducatedEnglish.Forthiscommoncore,aswellasforthespecialvarietiessurroundingit,wehaveaugmentedourownexperienceasspeakersandteachersofthelanguagewithresearchoncorporaofcontemporaryEnglishandondataf
