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1、1NotefortheColloquium:Iplantogivethree“Einstein”LecturesinSwitzerlandlaterthismonth,andthispaperisacondenseddraftfromwhichIwillpreparethoselectures.ItisnotparticularlylongbyourColloquiumstandards,butitcoversagreatervarietyoftopicsandIunderstandthatitmaynotbepossibl
2、etodiscusseveryclaim.Itdoesmeetoneofourambitionsforpapers:itissuitablyroughandunfinishedandthefootnotesarelaughablyincomplete.Pleasedon’tciteorcirculate.ReligionWithoutGodLecture1IntroductionThethemeofthesethreelecturesisthatthediscoveryorinventionofgodsisonlyonema
3、nifestationofadeeperhumanimpulsethatIbelieveitappropriatetocallareligiousattitude.AlbertEinstein,whosaidhedidnotbelieveinanygod,expressedthisdeeperimpulseinthesestrikingwords:"Toknowthatwhatisimpenetrabletousreallyexists,manifestingitselfasthehighestwisdomandthemos
4、tradiantbeauty,whichourdullfacilitiescancomprehendonlyinthemostprimitiveforms‐‐thisknowledge,thisfeeling,isatthecenteroftruereligiousness.Inthissense,andinthissenseonly,Ibelongtotheranksofthedevoutlyreligiousmen."WilliamJames,inhiscatalogueofthevarietiesofreligious
5、experience,alsomadeplainthathedidnotlimitthereligiousattitudetotheism.CliffordGeertz,aneminentanthropologist,wascarefultosaythesamething,andsowasRobertBellah,inhisrecentcompendioushistoryofreligion.Itisextremelydifficult–asJames’seffortsshow–positivelytodefinethere
6、ligiousattitude.InLecture3Isuggestthat,inlegalandpoliticalcontexts,theconceptofreligioniswhatIhavecalledaninterpretiveconcept.Thedefinitionofreligionthatweshouldacceptinthosecontextsdependsuponwhatmoregeneraltheoryoflibertyweshouldendorse.Weneedamoregeneralcharacte
7、rizationnow.Thiswilldo.Areligiousattitudecomprehensivelyrejectsthemetaphysicsofnaturalism.Thatphilosophicaltheoryholdsthatrealityisexhaustedbywhatthenaturalsciences,includingpsychology,candescribe.Thereligiousattitudeinsiststhatthereismore:itinsiststhatrealityalsoi
8、ncludesanentirelyco‐extensiveuniverseofvalue.Itspreadsobjective,mind‐independentvalueacrossnature’sentiredomain:realvaluebothinlifeandinthetotaln
