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1、IEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALINFORMATICS,VOL.8,NO.3,AUGUST2012437DigitalControlofPowerConvertersASurveyConcettinaBuccella,SeniorMember,IEEE,CarloCecati,Fellow,IEEE,andHamedLatafat,StudentMember,IEEEAbstract—Powerconvertersofferahighcapabilitytoefficientlymanageelectricalenergyflows.Untilafewyearsago
2、,theirprimaryusewasinsupplyingmotorsinindustrialapplicationsandinelec-trictractionsystems.Nowadays,inadditiontothosefieldstheyareemployedinaverywiderangeoflow,medium,andhighpowerap-plicationsincludingresidentialapplications,renewableenergysys-tems,distributedgeneration,andautomotive.Sincedigitalco
3、ntrolrepresentsakeyelementofmodernpowerconverters,thispaperpresentsareviewondigitaldevices[microcontrollers,FieldPro-grammableGateArrays(FPGA)],hardwareandsoftwaredesigntechniquesaswellasimplementationissuesusefulfordesigningmodernhigh-performancepowerconverters.IndexTerms—ADC,digitalcontrol,digi
4、talsignalprocessorsFig.1.Blockdiagramofatypicalpowerconverter-basedsystem.(DSP),fieldprogrammablegatearrays(FPGA),industrystan-dards,microcontrollers,powerconverters,pulsewidthmodulation(PWM),rapidprototyping,real-timecontrol.digitalpoweramplifier;iv)acommunicationsectionwhichismoreorlesscomplexdep
5、endingonthefinalapplication;andv)aHuman-MachineInterface(HMI),usefulforsetupasI.INTRODUCTIONwellasformonitoringfunctions.Nowadays,thecomputationengineconsistsofamicrocontroller,i.e.,aVeryLargeScaleECAUSEofthecapabilitytoefficientlymanageelectricalIntegration(VLSI)componentincorporatingamicroprocess
6、orBenergy,powerconvertersareemployedinaverywidecoreandInput/Output(I/O)peripherals,or,alternatively,anap-rangeoflow,medium,andhighpowerapplications[1],[2].Inplicationspecificcircuit(ASIC),i.e.,ComplexProgrammablefact,whileuntilafewyearsagotheirprimaryusewasinsup-LogicDevices(CPLD)orFieldProgrammab
7、leGateArraysplyingmotorsinindustrialapplicationsandintransportation(FPGA).(trains,trams,forklift,golf-karts...),intherecentyearstheyThemainchallengesforapowerconvertersdesigneraretheareusedinhomeappliances(refrigerator
