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1、PoemsoftheEldersANANTHOLOGYFROMTHETHERAGĀTHĀ&THERĪGĀTHĀATRANSLATIONWITHANINTRODUCTIONANDNOTESbyṬhānissaroBhikkhu(GeoffreyDeGraff)copyright2015ṭhānissarobhikkhuThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial4.0Unported.Toseeacopyofthislicensevisithttp://creativecommons.org/licen
2、ses/by-nc/4.0/.“Commercial”shallmeananysale,whetherforcommercialornon-profitpurposesorentities.questionsaboutthisbookmaybeaddressedtoMettaForestMonasteryValleyCenter,CA92082-1409U.S.A.additionalresourcesMoreDhammatalks,booksandtranslationsbyṬhānissaroBhikkhuareavailabletodownloadindigitalaudioand
3、variousebookformatsatdhammatalks.org.printedcopyApaperbackcopyofthisbookisavailablefreeofcharge.Torequestone,writeto:BookRequest,MettaForestMonastery,POBox1409,ValleyCenter,CA92082USA.IntroductionThisisananthologyconsistingof88poemsfromtheTheragāthā(PoemsoftheElderMonks)and32fromtheTherīgāthā(Poe
4、msoftheElderNuns).Thesetextsare,respectively,theeighthandninthtextsintheKhuddakaNikāya,orCollectionofShortPieces,thelastcollectionoftheSuttaPiṭakainthePāliCanon.TheTheragāthācontainsatotalof264poems,theTherīgāthā,73,allattributedtoearlymembersofthemonasticSaṅgha.Someofthepoemsareattributedtomonks
5、ornunswell-knownfromotherpartsoftheCanon—suchasĀnandaandMahāKassapaamongthemonks,andMahāpajāpatīGotamīandUppalavaṇṇāamongthenuns—whereasthemajorityareattributedtomonksandnunsotherwiseunknown.Bothtextsarelandmarksinthehistoryofworldliterature.TheTherīgāthāistheearliestextanttextdepictingwomen’sspi
6、ritualexperiences.TheTheragāthācontainstheearliestextantdescriptionsextollingthebeauties,notofdomesticatednature,butofnaturewhereit’swild.Thepoemsinbothcompilationsarearrangedbyascendingsize,startingwithchaptersinwhicheverypoemconsistsofonlyonestanza,andworkingupnumerically,chapterbychapter,topoe
7、msofmanystanzas.ThelongestpoemintheTheragāthāis71stanzas;thelongestintheTherīgāthā,75.UnliketheDhammapadaandUdāna,thereisnooverallaestheticstructuretoeithercollection,althoughwithinafewofthechapters,suchasthefirstchapt
