1.17 Oxidation in Steam and Steam-Hydrogen Environments

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1、1.17OxidationinSteamandSteam/HydrogenEnvironmentsW.J.QuadakkersandJ.Z˙urekForschungszentrumJu¨lich,InstituteofEnergyResearch(IEF-2),52428Ju¨lich,Germanyß2010ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.1.17.1Introduction4081.17.2ThermodynamicConsiderations4091.17.2.1The

2、rmodynamicsoftheGasAtmosphereandStabilityofSolidOxides4091.17.2.2VolatileReactionProductsinH2O-ContainingGases4091.17.2.3ConsiderationsforMaterialTestinginSteamEnvironments4111.17.3GrowthMechanismsofOxideScales4131.17.3.1KineticsofSurfaceReactions4131.17.

3、3.2EffectofWaterVaporandHydrogenonLatticeDiffusioninOxideScales4151.17.3.3MolecularDiffusioninOxideScalesinWetGases4151.17.4MetallicHighTemperatureComponentsinSteamandSteam/HydrogenEnvironments4161.17.4.1GeneralRemarks4161.17.4.2OxidationofChromiumandHigh

4、-ChromiumAlloys4181.17.4.2.1Oxidationofchromium4181.17.4.2.2Oxidationofchromia-formingFe-andNi-basedalloys4181.17.4.2.3Mechanismsofchromiascalegrowth4191.17.4.2.4Commercialchromia-formingFe-andNi-basedalloys4221.17.4.2.5Effectofcommonminoralloyingaddition

5、s4231.17.4.3EffectofEnvironmentonScaleFormationinCaseofBorderlineAlloys4261.17.4.3.1Nonprotectiveoxidationinwatervapor4261.17.4.3.2InternaloxidationofCrastriggerforbreakawayoxidation4271.17.4.3.3Conditionsforexternalchromiaformationindryandwetgases4271.17

6、.4.3.4BreakawayoxidationmechanismsofFeCralloysinwatervapor4301.17.4.3.5BorderlineNiCralloysinwatervapor4301.17.4.4OxidationofFerriticandAusteniticSteelsinSteam4311.17.4.4.1Generalremarks4311.17.4.4.2Steamoxidationmechanismsof9–12%Crsteels4331.17.4.4.3Void

7、andgapformation4351.17.4.4.4Long-termbehavior4361.17.4.4.5Temperaturedependenceofoxidationduringlong-termexposure4401.17.4.4.6Austeniticsteels4451.17.4.4.7Effectofpressureonsteamoxidation4491.17.4.5Alumina-FormingAlloysandCoatings4491.17.4.5.1a-Aluminasca

8、les4491.17.4.5.2Metastablealumina4511.17.4.5.3Borderlinealuminaformingalloys452References454REsReactiveelementsAbbreviationsSEMScanningelectronmicroscopyBCBondcoatSNMSSputteredneutralsmassspectrometryEDXEnergydisper