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1、ElementsofQuantumOpticsPierreMeystre·MurraySargentIIIElementsofQuantumOpticsFourthEditionWith124FiguresPierreMeystreMurraySargentIIITheUniversityofArizonaMicrosoftCorporationDepartmentofPhysics&CollegeofOpticalRedmont,WA98052SciencesUSATucson,AZ85721USAp
2、ierre.meystre@optics.Arizona.eduLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007933854ISBN978-3-540-74209-8SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkISBN978-3-540-64220-X3rdeditionSpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkThisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeor
3、partofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisions
4、oftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMediaspringer.comcSpringer-VerlagBerlin
5、Heidelberg2007Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Typesetting:byth
6、eauthorandIntegra,IndiausingaSpringerLATEXmacropackageCoverdesign:eStudioCalamarS.L.,F.Steinen-Broo,Pau/Girona,SpainPrintedonacid-freepaperSPIN:11919896543210PrefaceThisbookgrewoutofa2-semestergraduatecourseinlaserphysicsandquan-tumoptics.Itrequiresasoli
7、dunderstandingofelementaryelectromagnetismaswellasatleastone,butpreferablytwo,semestersofquantummechanics.ItspresentformresultedfrommanyyearsofteachingandresearchattheUniversityofArizona,theMax-Planck-Institutf¨urQuantenoptik,andtheUniversityofMunich.The
8、contentshaveevolvedsignificantlyovertheyears,duetothefactthatquantumopticsisarapidlychangingfield.Becausetheamountofmaterialthatcanbecoveredintwosemestersisfinite,anumberoftopicshadtobeleftoutorshortenedwhennewmaterialwasadde
