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1、Saussure&ModernLinguisticsGeneralIntroductiontoSaussureFerdinanddeSaussure(26November1857–22February1913)wasaSwisslinguistwhoseideaslaidafoundationformanysignificantdevelopmentsinlinguisticsinthe20thcentury.Saussureiswidelyconsideredtobeoneofthefather
2、sof20th-centurylinguisticsandofsemiotics(符号语言学),andhisideashavehadamonumentalimpactthroughoutthehumanitiesandsocialsciences.BiographyIn1857,borninGenevaFrom1875—1876,hestudiedLatin,Greek,Sanskrit,andavarietyofcoursesattheUniversityofGeneva;From1876—18
3、78,graduateworkattheUniversityofLeipzig;From1878—1879,hestudiedforayearatBerlin;In1880,hewasawardedhisdoctorateinLeipzig;From1880—1891，hetaughtinParis;From1891—1913，helecturedonSanskritandIndo-EuropeanattheUniversityofGenevaHisMajorWork——CourseinGener
4、alLinguistics(Coursdelinguistiquegénérale)istheinfluentialbookcompiledbyCharlesBallyand,thatisbasedonnotestakenfromFerdinanddeSaussure'slecturesattheUniversityofGenevabetweentheyears1906and1911.Itwaspublishedposthumously(死后出版的)in1916andisgenerallyrega
5、rdedasthestartingpointofstructuralism,anapproachtolinguisticsthatflourishedinEuropeandAmericainthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.ArbitraryNatureofSignsThebasicprincipleofthearbitrarinessofthesign(l'arbitrairedusigne)intheextractfromCourseinGeneralLinguisti
6、csis:——thereisnonaturalreasonwhyaparticularsignshouldbeattachedtoaparticularconcept.Or:theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Forinstance,wecannotexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andadoga[dɔg].Point1ItisSaussure'sargumentthatitis
7、onlytheconsistencyinthesystemofsignsthatallowscommunicationoftheconcepteachsignsignifies.InFigure2above,thesignified"tree"isimpossibletorepresentbecausethesignifiedisentirelyconceptual.Thereisnodefinitive(ideal,archetypical)"tree".Eventhepictureofatre
8、eSaussureusestorepresentthesignified(concept)isitselfjustanothersignifier(image).Theobjectitself-arealtree,intherealworld-isthereferent(指示对象).ForSaussure,thearbitraryinvolvesnotthelinkbetweenthesignanditsreferentbutthatbetweenthesignifier(soun
