书写工具的发展历史(英文)

《书写工具的发展历史(英文)》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。

1、HistoryofWritingImplements-Over6000YearsAround4000BCManscratchesthesurfaceofmoistclaytabletorbonesandshellsofanimalswithabronze,stoneorbonetool.Around3000BCTheEgyptiansdevelopedaformofwritingwithpictures.Forwritingonpapyrusscrollsscribesusedthinreedbrushesorreedpens.About2000BCChin

2、esedevelopedbrushesmadeofthehairofmice.1300BCTheRomanshavebeendevelopingformofwriting,thattheyscribedintothinsheetsofwax(onwoodentablets).Romansusedametalstylus.Whentheynolongerneededthewriting,theyrubbeditoutwiththeflatendofstylus.InAsiascribesusedabronzestylus.DarkAgesAswellaswri

3、tingonparchment,theAnglo-Saxonsalsousedtabletsfilledwithwaxfornotesandforplanningthelayoutoflargebooks.Theywroteonthetableswithametalorbonestylusthathadapointedendandrubbedoutthewordswiththeflatend.600-1800ADTheEuropeansfoundthatwritingonparchmentwithaquillpenalteredthestyleoftheir

4、writing.Atfirsttheyusedcapitallettersallthetime,butlatertheydevelopedfasterstyleswithsmallletters.QuillPens(firstlyappearedinSeville,Spain)werethewritinginstrumentfrom600to1800AD.QuillPens1790sPencilleadwasinventedindependentlyinFranceandAustralia.1800-1850Ametalpenpointhasbeenpate

5、ntedin1803butthepatentwasnotcommerciallyexploited.Steelnibscameintocommonuseinthe1830s.Bythe19thcenturymetalnibshadreplacedquillpens.By1850quillpenusagewasfadingandthequalityofthesteelnibshadbeenimprovedbytippingthemwithhardalloysofIridium,RhodiumandOsmium.1884LewisEdsonWaterman,an

6、insurancebroker,inventedthefirstproperfountainpen.1888-1916Theprincipleoftheballpointpenactuallydatesfromthelate19thCenturywhenpatentsweretakenoutbyJohnLoudin1888foraproducttomarkleatherandin1916byVanVechtenRiesberg.HoweverneitherofthesePatentswereexploitedcommercially.BallPointPen

7、1940sThemodernversionofballpointpenwasinventedbyJosef(Lazlo)andGeorgBiro.OnSummer1943thefirstcommercialmodelsweremade.TherightstoLazlo'spatentwereboughtbytheBritishGovernment.TheballpointpenismoreruggedthanthefountainpenwhichmaybewhysalesrocketedduringWorldWarIIwhentheMilitaryneed

8、edrobustwritingimplementst