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1、SocialCapital:MeasurementandConsequences1RobertPutnamThispaperstartswithadiscussionofdefinitionsofsocialcapital,thenturnstoissuesinmeasurement,andfinally,presentssomeevidenceontheconsequencesofsocialcapital.Inthelastfiveyears,Ihavebeenworkingexclusivelyonsomespeci
2、ficandperhapsuniqueproblemsaboutsocialcapitalintheUnitedStates,soallofmyexamplesaregoingtobedrawnfromtheUnitedStatesexperience.Idon’twanttobeinterpretedassayingthesetrendsarecommontoallOECDcountries.ItisjustthattheUnitedStateshasbeenthemainfocusofmyresearchforthep
3、astfiveyears.Thereare,amongthoseofuswhoworkinthearea,somemarginaldifferencesintermsofexactlyhowwewoulddefinesocialcapital,butMichaelWoolcockcorrectlysaysinhispaperthatamongthepeoplewhoareworkinginthisfield,therehasbeenavisibleconvergence,definitionally,towardsomet
4、hinglikethedefinitionheoffers.Thecentralideaofsocialcapital,inmyview,isthatnetworksandtheassociatednormsofreciprocityhavevalue.Theyhavevalueforthepeoplewhoareinthem,andtheyhave,atleastinsomeinstances,demonstrableexternalities,sothattherearebothpublicandprivateface
5、sofsocialcapital.Iamfocussinglargelyontheexternalreturns,thepublicreturnstosocialcapital,butIthinkthatisnotatallinconsistentwiththeideathattherearealsoprivatereturns.Thesameisnodoubttrueintheareaofhumancapital,i.e.therearesimultaneouslypublicandprivatereturns.Inth
6、egreatdebateofthetwoCambridgesabout"capital",thefocusofmuchofthediscussionwasonwhetherphysicalcapitalwashomogeneousenoughtobesusceptibletoaggregatemeasurement.Thereisroomforsimilardebatesabouthumanandsocialcapital.Obviouslytherearemanydifferentformsofphysicalcapit
7、al.Forinstance,bothanegg-beaterandanaircraftcarrierenterintotheAmericannationalaccountsaslittlebitsofphysicalcapital,andyettheyarenotinterchangeable.Tryfixingyourmorningomelettewithanaircraftcarrier,ortryattackingtheSerbswithanegg-beater.Thesamethingistrueaboutsoc
8、ialcapital.Socialcapitaliscertainlyfarfromhomogeneous.1KennedySchoolofGovernment,HarvardUniversity.1Therearesomeformsofsocialcapitalthataregoodforsometh
