讲解初中定语从句

讲解初中定语从句

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时间:2019-09-18

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讲解初中定语从句一、定义:在复合句中,用来修饰主句中某一名词或代词而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。二、基本结构:先行词+关系词+定语从句如:1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.说明:(1)、上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。(2)、引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who(宾格who,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when、why等(3)、关系词常有三个作用:1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词3、在定语从句中担当一个成分(主语、宾语等)三、关系代词引导的定语从句(一).关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句  只用于限制性从句        代替人   代替物     代替人或物主语      Who    which        that宾语     Whom   which        that例1:ThisisthedetectivewhocamefromLondon.例2:ThebookwhichIamreadingiswrittenbyTomasHardy.例3:Themanwho(m)youaretalkingtoismygoodfriend. 例4:ThisistheroomthatShakespearewasbornin.1.who指人,在从句中做主语(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.如果先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词应该用who或whom.例:Isthereanyoneherewhowillgowithyou?2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语。Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedabout.注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略 (1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(which在句子中做主语) (2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.(which在句子中做宾语)4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。 (1)Thepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityareallhere.(在句子中做主语) (2)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?(在句子中做宾语)特别说明:1.定语从句三步:第一找出先行词;第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);第三选择合适的关联词。   2.定语从句在选择关连词that 与which时,常常容易出错,所以应记住什么时候只能用that,什么时候只能用which.具体使用时还要注意下列问题:(1)、只能使用that,不用which的情况:  a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:  Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.他是第一个通过考试的人。  b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,theone等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:  Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuyintheshop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?  c.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,little,few等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:  ThisisthesamebikethatIlost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。  d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:  IcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepicturesthatIsawintheroom.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。  e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:  Whoisthegirlthatiscrying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?  f.主句是therebe结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:  ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。(2)、只用which不用that的情况: a.先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.例如:  What’sthatwhichisunderthedesk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?  b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:  Thisistheroominwhichhelives.这是他居住的房间。  c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that.例如:  Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语 (1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor. (2)Ilivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.     whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(4)Doyoulikethebookwhosecolorisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?6.When,where,why引导的定语从句:1.先行词表示时间、地点、原因,但关系词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语时,应用关系代词that或which.如:I‘llneverforget1976that/whichwasfullofsadness.(作主语)我不会忘记充满悲哀的1976年。Iregretthedays(that/which)Iwastedinthewoods.(作宾语)我后悔在森林里虚度的日子。Thisisthefactorythat/whichproducescars.(作主语) 这就是那个生产小汽车的工厂。Thisisthefactory(that/which)hevisitedyesterday.(作宾语)这就是他昨天参观的工厂。Thisisthereasonthat/whichisunreasonable.(作主语)这是一个没道理的理由。Thisisthereason(that/which)heraised.(作宾语)这是他提出的理由。2.关系副词有时相当于“适当的介词+关系代词”。如:①where=in/onwhichThisistheroomwhere/inwhichhelives.这就是他住的房间。Icanseethedeskwhere/onwhichthereisabook.我能看见上面有一本书的那张桌子。②when=on/in/atwhichIstillremembertheyearwhen/inwhichIjoinedtheParty.我仍然记得入党的那一年。Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichIjoinedtheParty.我仍然记得入党的那一天。Istillrememberthedatewhen/atwhichIjoinedtheParty.我仍然记得入党的那个日子。③why=forwhichThisisthereasonwhy/forwhichhewaskilled.这是他被杀害的原因。3.当先行词为time表示“次数”时,常用关系词that或省去关系词,而不用when来引导定语从句。如:Thisisthefirst/lasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.这是我第一次/最后一次给你们上课。4.当point,situation等词作先行词表抽象的地点,其后常由where引导定语从句,where在定语从句中作地点状语。Canyouthinkoutasituationwherethiswordcanbeused?你能设想这个单词被使用的场合吗?Herillnesshasdevelopedtothepointwhere7."介词+关系代词"是一个普遍使用的结构。  (1)"介词+关系代词"可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。"介词+关系代词"结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,toat,of,without等,关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that。例:Isthatthehouseinwhichyoulive?  关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears.=Thatwastheroom whichwehadlivedinfortenyears.像listento,lookat,takecareof等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如:Thisistheboywhomshehastakencareof. 练习适当的关系词填空: 1.Istillrememberthenight_______Ifirstcametothehouse.2.I'llneverforgettheday________  wemeteachotherlastweek.3.MrBlackisgoingtoBeijinginOctober,_______isthebestseasonthere.4.Iwillneverforgetthedays_______Ispentwithyourfamily.5.I'llneverforgetthelastday______wespenttogether.6.Thisistheschool______Iusedtostudy. 7.Doyoustillremembertheplace______wevisitedlastweek?8.Doyoustillremembertheplace_______wevisitedthepaintingexhibition?9.HaveyoueverbeentoHangzhou,_____isfamousfortheWestLake?10.HaveyoueverbeetoHangzhou,______liestheWestLake?11.TomwillgotoShanghai,______livehistwobrothers.12.IliveinBeijing,____isthecapitalofChina.13.Therewasatime______therewereslavesintheUSA.14.Itisthethirdtime______youhavemadethesamemistake.15.Itwasinthestreet_____ImetJohnyesterday.16.Itwasabout600yearsago____thefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade.17.Themoment_____Isawyou,Irecognized(认出)you.18.Thisistheverynovelabout____we'vetalkedsomuch.19.Thisistheway____hedidit.20.Whoisthestudent_____waslateforschooltoday?21.Who_____knowshimwantstomakefriendswithhim?22.Whatelsewasthereinmybrother____youdidn'tlike?23.Helivesintheroom____windowfacestothesouth.24.Helivesintheroom,thewindow_____facestothesouth.

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