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1、☆earlyfirst,old,ancient,primitive,previous,former,remote☆howdescribe,operate,explain,clarify,demonstrate,eludicate,expound,illustrate,interpret,accountfor☆inevitableunavoidable,certain,destined,fated,inescapable,sure☆militantarmed,belligerent,army,weapon,warlike☆objectioncommercialchallenge,complai
2、nt,disapproval,opposition,protest,query,question,remonstration☆prevalentcommon,usual,prevailing,widespread,systematic,collective,general,popular☆reducecurtail,cut,decrease,halve,impair,lessen,moderate,trim,slash☆rolefunction(provide,support,weaken,smooth,solve),job,position,duty,post,task,contribut
3、ion☆recentmodern,current,now,nowadays,today,contemporaneous,new,novel,present,up-to-date☆simulatevirtual,create,reproduce,pretend,imitate☆significanceimportance,milestone,impact,justification,gist,implication,point,purport,vitalbusiness,economic,financial,mercantile,profitable,pecuniary☆worldwidein
4、ternational,cosmopolitan,global,universal,ubiquitous,widespread,aroundtheworld解决：solve,resolve,dealwith,copewith,handle,tackle十分：verymuch,immensely,hugely,largely,greatly,enormously,tremendouslyFlaw:weakness,defect缺点 Ability;capability,power,caliber能力 Dishonest:deceptive不诚实的 Fair:equitable,equal
5、,impartial,公平的 Success:achievement,feat成功 Reason:factor,contributor,origin,原因 Result:outcome,consequence,implication结果 Resultfrom:arisefrom,originatefrom,bedueto,thanksto,由于，因为 Giveriseto:contributeto,leadto,resultin,cause,breed,create,incur导致 Disaster:catastrophe灾难 Pollute:contaminate污染 Po
6、isonous:toxic有毒的 Decrease;fall,drop,plunge,decline,stepback,downward,minimize,abate下降 Increase:rise,goup,surge,grow,上升 Growing:increasing,rising,上升的 Advantage:benefit,positiveaspect,strength,好处 Disadvantage:weakness,drawback,negativeaspect,fault不利 Casual:arbitrary,unplanned,unexpected,随意的 Ef
7、fective:efficient,effectual,fruitful,productive,valid多效的 Criticize:reproach,blame,批评同义转换作为一种核心考察技能，在雅思考试听说读写四门当中都有着举足轻重的位置。口语和写作需要同义转换体现词汇水平及语言的多样性。听力原文和题目之间也必然存在同义转换以考核学员的听力理解能力。本文，朗阁海外考试研究中心将就同义转换在雅思阅读中的
