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1、ReferenceContrastinChineseandEnglishTextName:常首鸣Code:2008142Class:08级外应2班Abstract:Referenceisoneofthemostimportantgrammaticaldevicesforcohesionoftext.Itisakindofsemanticrelationship,whichindicatesthatcertainitemsintextcanberetrievedfromelsewhere.Refere
2、nceinbothChineseandEnglishlanguagescanbedividedintopersonalreference,demonstrativereferenceandcomparativereference.However,therearedistinctivefeaturesinthemanipulationofreferencesinthesetwolanguages,i.e.,morepersonalanddemonstrativereferencesareusedinE
3、nglishwhilemorezero-referencesandrepetitionsofwordsinChinese,whichcorrespondstothefactthatChinesedemonstratesparatacticprominencewhileEnglishhypotacticprominence.Keywords:reference;cohesionoftext;contrastiveanalysis1．IntroductionAccordingtoHallidayandH
4、asan’stheoryofthetextualcohesion,referencebelongstothegrammaticaldevicesforcohesion.Theypointthatinatextsomewords,insteadofbeinginterpretedsemanticallyintheirownright,makereferencetosomethingelsefortheirinterpretation；thatistosay,reference,asasemanitcr
5、elation,servesasapointwheretheinterpretationofacomponentinthetextisdependentuponthatofanother.Fromtheperspectiveofpragmaticfunction,HallidayandHasancategorizereferenceintotwotypes：exophoraandendophor.Theformermeansthattheinterpretationofsomeelementinth
6、etextisnottobefoundinthetextatall,butinthesituation,andthelatterisjusttheoppositesituationoftheformer；andendophorcouldbefurtherdividedintotwosub-types：cataphora—indicatingthatthepresupposedelementshouldbesomewhereinanearliersentence,andanaphora—meaning
7、thattheelementwouldbefoundinthefollowingsentence.Thereforereferenceistheinterpretativerelationsbetweentheobjectanditsreferentwithintheinter-sententialstructure.AccordingtoHallidayandHasan’stheory,therearethreetypesofreference：personal,demonstrative,and
8、comparative,amongwhichthefirsttwoarethemajortype.ThepaperwillcontrastthethreecohesivedevicesinChineseandEnglishtextrespectively.2．PersonalreferencePersonalreferenceisrealisedbypersonalpronoun（suchasI,you,heshe,theyhimherthem,andsoon）,po
