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1、TypeofWorkandYearofPublication.......“TheSniper,”LiamO'Flaherty'sfirstpublishedwork,isashortstory.ItwasprintedinLondonintheJanuary12,1923,issueofaweeklysocialistpublication, TheNewLeader. Setting......."TheSniper"takesplaceinIreland's largest city,Dublin,onthecountry'seastcoastonDublinBay
2、,aninletoftheIrishSea.ThetimeisnightfallinJuneaftertheestablishmentoftheIrishFreeStatein1922.ThesniperpostshimselfonarooftopincentralDublinneartheFourCourtsbuilding,whichhousesthe highcourts ofIreland,andO'ConnellBridge,whichspanstheRiverLiffey.TheLiffeydividesthecityintotwosectionsasitru
3、nseastwardtoDublinBay. CharactersIRASniper:ManpostedonaroofinDublin. OpposingSniper:EnemygunmanpostedonaroofacrossfromtheIRAsniper. TurretGunner:ManshotbytheIRAsniper. OldWoman:InformerwhobetraysthepositionoftheIRAsnipertotheturretgunner. UnseenMachineGunner:Personwho fires attheIRAsniper
4、afterthelatterleavestheroof.PointofView.......O'Flahertywrote"TheSniper"inlimitedthird-personpointofview,inwhichhepresents thethoughts oftheIRAsniperbutdoesnotpresent thethoughts ofanyothercharacter.Hewrote"TheSniper"whileIrelandwasembroiledinsectarianconflict. . HistoricalBackground....
5、...In1919,thenewlyformedIrishRepublicanArmylaunchedguerillawarfareduringtheIrishWarofIndependencetoliberateIrelandfromtheBritish.Unabletocontaintherebels,Londonagreedinthe1921Anglo-IrishTreatytocreateanIrishFreeState.However,theagreementwouldrecognizetheFreeStateonlyasadominionintheBritis
6、hCommonwealthofNations.Moreover,itwouldpermitsixcountiesinnorthernIrelandtowithdrawfromtheFreeState,allowtheBritishtomaintainportsinthesouth,andrequiretheFreeStatetopaypartofthedebtBritainincurredinwagingthewar.Consequently,notallIrishmenacceptedtheagreement,theprovisionsofwhichbecameeffe
7、ctivein1922.(Thesixnortherncountiesseceded,asexpected.)Once-unitedIrishfighterswerenowsplitintotwofactions—disgruntledIRAmembersandsupportersoftheFreeState—andfoughtacivilwar.O’Flaherty,himselfamemberoftheIRA,centershisshortstoryonasceneoffightinginDublininwhichanIR
