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1、ChapterTwenty-EightGameTheoryContentsDominantstrategyNashequilibriumPrisoner’sdilemmaandrepeatedgamesMultipleequilibriaandsequentialgamesPureandmixedstrategiesGameTheoryGametheorymodelsstrategicbehaviorbyagentswhounderstandthattheiractionsaffecttheactionsofotheragents.SomeApplicatio
2、nsofGameTheoryThestudyofoligopolies(industriescontainingonlyafewfirms)Thestudyofcartels;e.g.OPECThestudyofexternalities;e.g.usingacommonresourcesuchasafishery.Thestudyofmilitarystrategies.WhatisaGame?Agameconsistsofasetofplayersasetofstrategiesforeachplayerthepayoffstoeachplayerfore
3、verypossiblelistofstrategychoicesbytheplayers.Two-PlayerGamesAgamewithjusttwoplayersisatwo-playergame.Wewillstudyonlygamesinwhichtherearetwoplayers,eachofwhomcanchoosebetweenonlytwostrategies.AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGameTheplayersarecalledAandB.PlayerAhastwostrategies,called“Up”and“Do
4、wn”.PlayerBhastwostrategies,called“Left”and“Right”.Thetableshowingthepayoffstobothplayersforeachofthefourpossiblestrategycombinationsisthegame’spayoffmatrix(支付矩阵).AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGameAplayofthegameisapairsuchas(U,R)wherethe1stelementisthestrategychosenbyPlayerAandthe2ndisthest
5、rategychosenbyPlayerB.PlayerBPlayerALRUD(1,2)(2,1)(0,1)(1,0)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGameWhatplaysarewelikelytoseeforthisgame?PlayerBPlayerALRUD(1,2)(2,1)(0,1)(1,0)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGameIfBplaysLeftthenA’sbestreplyisDown.PlayerBPlayerALRUD(1,2)(2,1)(0,1)(1,0)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerG
6、ameIfBplaysRightthenA’sbestreplyisDown.PlayerBPlayerALRUD(1,2)(2,1)(0,1)(1,0)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGameSonomatterwhatBplays,A’s bestreplyisalwaysDown.DownisA’sdominantstrategy（超优策略）.PlayerBPlayerALRUD(1,2)(2,1)(0,1)(1,0)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGameSimilarly,LeftisB’sdominantstrategy.P
7、layerBPlayerALRUD(1,2)(2,1)(0,1)(1,0)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGameTherefore,(Down,Left)isdominantstrategyforbothplayers.Itistheonlyequilibrium.PlayerBPlayerALRUD(1,2)(2,1)(0,1)(1,0)NoDominantStrategyforOnePlayerWhenStrengthIsWeakness大猪小猪PWPW(-1,10)(6,4)(-1,10)(0,0)NoDominantStrategyfor
8、BothTheBattleofSexe
