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1、外文翻译原文TradeStructureandEconomicGrowthMaterialSource:SpingerLinkAuthor:RajaKali,FabioMéndez,JavierReyesThereisasignificantamountofdebateregardingtherelationshipbetweentrade(ortradeopenness)andeconomicgrowth.Theoretically,theeffectsoftradeongrowthhavebeenshowntob
2、epositiveornegativeunderdifferentcircumstances(See,forexample,GrossmanandHelpman(1991),Matsuyama(1992),WaldeandWood(2005))Empirically,whethertheevidencepresentedisinfavororagainsttradeislikelytodependonthevariablesusedtomeasurethedegreeofopennessinaneconomy,the
3、sampledataused,ortheeconometrictechniqueemployed(RodriguezandRodrick(2000),Yannikkaya(2003)).Nonetheless,overthelast30yearsmostcountriesintheworldhavegraduallyopenedtheireconomiestointernationaltrade.Duringthattime,policymarkersallovertheworldhavemadeaconcerted
4、efforttoincreasethenumberoftradingpartnersandtodecreasethedependenceoftradeonasinglebuyerorseller.Justinthelast10yearsover130regionaltradeagreementshavebeenreportedtotheWorldTradeOrganization(andmoreareintheworks)comparedtoonly124from1948-1994.Keyplayerslikethe
5、U.S.A.andtheE.U.havealsoadoptedamoreaggressivepaceintheirbilateraltradenegotiations.Infact,thechangesexperiencedoverthelastdecadesofglobalizationaremorepronouncedintermsofthestructureoftradethaninthevolumeoftradeitself.AsshowninTable1,whiletheshareoftotaltradei
6、nGDPfortheaverageeconomywentfrom58.3%in1970to88.5%in2003,theaveragenumberoftradingpartnersmorethandoubledasitwentfrom46.4to93.9inthatsameperiod.Withnotableexceptions,mostcountriesarelessreliantononetradingpartner(orgroupofpartners)thantheywere30yearsago.6Moreov
7、er,therearereasonstobelievethatsuchcharacteristicsregardingthestructureoftradehavesignificantimplicationsforeconomicgrowththatoperateindependentlyfromtheleveloftradeoropenness.Giventheleveloftrade,havingmoretradingpartnersleadstogreaterexposure,greaterexchangeo
8、fideasandgreatercompetition.Allofwhichstimulategrowth.Atthesametime,agreaterdispersionoftradeamongpartnerscanserveasacushionagainstexternaleconomicshocks,and,inthecaseofless
